Nervous System

Question 0

Three Functions of the Nervous System

Answer 0

Receives sensory input (internal and external) - PNS -> CNS
Processes and integrates information
Generates motor output

Question 1

Two Major Components

Answer 1

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 2

Central Nervous system consists of…

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Neurons

Answer 3

Cells that transmit nerve impulses

Question 4

Neuroglia (Glial Cells)

Answer 4

Support and nourish neurons; more numerous than neurons in brain

Question 5

Two types of Neuroglia

Answer 5

Schwann cells

Oligodendrocytes

Question 6

Schwann Cells

Answer 6

Form myelin sheath (insulators) of neurons in peripheral nervous system, leaving gaps called nodes of Ranvier

Question 7

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 7

Form myelin sheath in central nervous system - “white matter”

Question 8

Nervous Tissue

Answer 8

Located in the nerves, and conducts nerve impulses

Question 9

Myelin Sheath

Answer 9

A lipid covering on long axons that acts to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction, insulation, and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system

Question 10

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 10

Gaps between myelination on the axons

Question 11

Saltatory Conduction

Answer 11

Conduction of the nerve impulse from node to node (don’t have to open so many ion channels)

Question 12

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 12

Disease in which the myelin sheath is attacked by the immune system, causing malfunctioning of the nervous system and muscle weakness or paralysis

Question 13

Three types of neurons

Answer 13

Sensory
Interneuron
Motor

Question 14

Sensory Neuron

Answer 14

Transports nerve signals from sensory receptors to central nervous system

Question 15

Receptor

Answer 15

Special structures that detect changes in the environment

Question 16

Interneuron

Answer 16

Lie within central nervous system; composite input from sensory neurons and other interneurons, then communicate with motor neurons

Question 17

Motor

Answer 17

Transport impulses from central nervous system to effector

Question 18

Effector

Answer 18

Carry out responses to environmental changes

Question 19

Dendrite

Answer 19

Many short extensions that carry impulses to a cell body

Question 20

Cell body

Answer 20

Main cell where organelles and nuclei reside

Question 21

Axon (nerve fiber)

Answer 21

Single, long extension that carries impulses away from the cell body (exception - sensory neuron)

Question 22

Synapse

Answer 22

Small gap between the sending neuron (pre-synaptic membrane) and the receiving neuron (post-synaptic membrane)

Question 23

How do signals get from sensory neurons to the brain and then to the right neurons to get muscles to move?

Answer 23

Sensor -> Afferent Pathway -> integration -> Efferent Pathway -> Motor

Question 24

Nerve Impulses

Answer 24

Convey information in nervous system, i.e., action potential, via electrochemical signals

Question 25

Resting Potential

Answer 25

Axon is NOT conducting a nerve impulse

Question 26

State of a cell during resting potential

Answer 26

Inside of the cell has a negative charge, with more positive ions outside the membrane. There is more Na+ outside the cell than inside, but more K+ inside than outside (along with large anions - )

Question 27

Action Potential

Answer 27

Rapid change in the axon membrane that allows a nerve impulse to occur

Question 28

What occurs during the action potential stage?

Answer 28

Sodium gates open, letting Na+ in, and depolarization occurs - the interior of the axon loses negative charge and becomes positively charged (from -70 mV to 40 mV).

Question 29

What occurs during the repolarization stage?

Answer 29

Action potential ends, and repolarization occurs - K+ moves out. But, Na+ and K+ are in the wrong place, so the sodium-potassium pump restores resting potential - actively pumps 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in.

Question 30

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon, it causes the release of what?

Answer 30

A neurotransmitter

Question 31

Inhibitory Synapse

Answer 31

Promotes decrease in action potential

Question 32

Excitatory Synapse

Answer 32

Promotes increase in action potential

Question 33

How many known neurotransmitters?

Answer 33

Over 100

Question 34

What does the response a neurotransmitter triggers depend on?

Answer 34

The receptor to which it attaches

Question 35

Acetylcholine

Answer 35

Muscle stimulation/inhibition, memory formation, learning

Question 36

Norepinephrine

Answer 36

Smooth muscle function, dreaming, waking, mood

Question 37

Dopamine

Answer 37

Sense of reward/pleasure

Question 38

Serotonin

Answer 38

Thermoregulation, sleeping, emotions, perception

Question 39

The Central Nervous System is protected by what?

Answer 39

Bones, meninges, and cerebral spinal fluid

Question 40

Meninges

Answer 40

Protective membranes that wrap around CNS

Question 41

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

Answer 41

Space between meninges is filled with this fluid that cushions and protects the CNS

Question 42

Spinal cord and brain consist of:

Answer 42

Gray matter White matter Ventricles

Question 43

Gray matter

Answer 43

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

Question 44

White Matter

Answer 44

Bundles of axons with myelin sheafs

Question 45

Ventricles

Answer 45

Spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (central canal of spinal cord)

Question 46

What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?

Answer 46

Circulates slowly in the ventricles, supplies nutrients and removes wastes, and cushions the CNS by circulating in meninges.

Question 47

Occipital Lobe

Answer 47

Controls the visual processing abilities

Question 48

Central Sulcus

Answer 48

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 49

Sulcus

Answer 49

"Valley" in the brain

Question 50

Gyrus

Answer 50

"Ridge" in the brain

Question 51

What does the central sulcus house?

Answer 51

The primary motor and somatosensory area.

Question 52

Longitudinal fissure

Answer 52

Divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

Question 53

Left hemisphere controls...

Answer 53

Language skills, math, and other logical and analytical abilities (as well as the right side of the body)

Question 54

Right hemisphere controls...

Answer 54

Spatial skills, face and pattern recognition, and nonverbal thinking (as well as the left side of the body)

Question 55

Three ways in which we study to brain

Answer 55

Injuries Mapping Imaging

Question 56

What does brain mapping do?

Answer 56

Allows us to link a brain location to a specific function of the brain

Question 57

Wernicke's Area

Answer 57

Located in the left temporal posterior section, it helps us understand written and spoken words

Question 58

Broca's Area

Answer 58

Located in the left frontal section, it helps us speak and write

Question 59

Short-term memory

Answer 59

Begins in prefrontal area, and precedes long-term memory

Question 60

Long-term memory

Answer 60

Stored in the association areas of the cerebral cortex, and accessed by the hippocampus and relayed to the prefrontal area. Short term memories are integrated into existing knowledge (long term memory) via the hippocampus.

Question 61

PNS - Somatic System - Functions

Answer 61

Voluntary - serves the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons | Involuntary - knee-jerk reflex

Question 62

PNS Autonomic

Answer 62

Regulates the activity of involuntary muscles (smooth and cardiac), and can be divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic sections

Question 63

Most drug abusers take drugs that affect which neurotransmitter?

Answer 63

Dopamine. They artificially affect this reward circuit to the point they ignore basic physical needs in favor of the drug.

Question 64

Sympathetic part of the PNS

Answer 64

Fight or Flight

Question 65

Parasympathetic part of the PNS

Answer 65

Rest and Digest