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Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

Three Functions of the Nervous System

A

Receives sensory input (internal and external) - PNS -> CNS
Processes and integrates information
Generates motor output

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1
Q

Two Major Components

A

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

Central Nervous system consists of…

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that transmit nerve impulses

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4
Q

Neuroglia (Glial Cells)

A

Support and nourish neurons; more numerous than neurons in brain

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5
Q

Two types of Neuroglia

A

Schwann cells

Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Form myelin sheath (insulators) of neurons in peripheral nervous system, leaving gaps called nodes of Ranvier

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7
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin sheath in central nervous system - “white matter”

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8
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Located in the nerves, and conducts nerve impulses

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9
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A lipid covering on long axons that acts to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction, insulation, and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelination on the axons

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11
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Conduction of the nerve impulse from node to node (don’t have to open so many ion channels)

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12
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Disease in which the myelin sheath is attacked by the immune system, causing malfunctioning of the nervous system and muscle weakness or paralysis

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13
Q

Three types of neurons

A

Sensory
Interneuron
Motor

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14
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Transports nerve signals from sensory receptors to central nervous system

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15
Q

Receptor

A

Special structures that detect changes in the environment

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16
Q

Interneuron

A

Lie within central nervous system; composite input from sensory neurons and other interneurons, then communicate with motor neurons

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17
Q

Motor

A

Transport impulses from central nervous system to effector

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18
Q

Effector

A

Carry out responses to environmental changes

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19
Q

Dendrite

A

Many short extensions that carry impulses to a cell body

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20
Q

Cell body

A

Main cell where organelles and nuclei reside

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21
Q

Axon (nerve fiber)

A

Single, long extension that carries impulses away from the cell body (exception - sensory neuron)

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22
Q

Synapse

A

Small gap between the sending neuron (pre-synaptic membrane) and the receiving neuron (post-synaptic membrane)

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23
Q

How do signals get from sensory neurons to the brain and then to the right neurons to get muscles to move?

A

Sensor -> Afferent Pathway -> integration -> Efferent Pathway -> Motor

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24
Q

Nerve Impulses

A

Convey information in nervous system, i.e., action potential, via electrochemical signals

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25
Q

Resting Potential

A

Axon is NOT conducting a nerve impulse

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26
Q

State of a cell during resting potential

A

Inside of the cell has a negative charge, with more positive ions outside the membrane. There is more Na+ outside the cell than inside, but more K+ inside than outside (along with large anions - )

27
Q

Action Potential

A

Rapid change in the axon membrane that allows a nerve impulse to occur

28
Q

What occurs during the action potential stage?

A

Sodium gates open, letting Na+ in, and depolarization occurs - the interior of the axon loses negative charge and becomes positively charged (from -70 mV to 40 mV).

29
Q

What occurs during the repolarization stage?

A

Action potential ends, and repolarization occurs - K+ moves out. But, Na+ and K+ are in the wrong place, so the sodium-potassium pump restores resting potential - actively pumps 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in.

30
Q

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon, it causes the release of what?

A

A neurotransmitter

31
Q

Inhibitory Synapse

A

Promotes decrease in action potential

32
Q

Excitatory Synapse

A

Promotes increase in action potential

33
Q

How many known neurotransmitters?

A

Over 100

34
Q

What does the response a neurotransmitter triggers depend on?

A

The receptor to which it attaches

35
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Muscle stimulation/inhibition, memory formation, learning

36
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Smooth muscle function, dreaming, waking, mood

37
Q

Dopamine

A

Sense of reward/pleasure

38
Q

Serotonin

A

Thermoregulation, sleeping, emotions, perception

39
Q

The Central Nervous System is protected by what?

A

Bones, meninges, and cerebral spinal fluid

40
Q

Meninges

A

Protective membranes that wrap around CNS

41
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A

Space between meninges is filled with this fluid that cushions and protects the CNS

42
Q

Spinal cord and brain consist of:

A

Gray matter
White matter
Ventricles

43
Q

Gray matter

A

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

44
Q

White Matter

A

Bundles of axons with myelin sheafs

45
Q

Ventricles

A

Spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (central canal of spinal cord)

46
Q

What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Circulates slowly in the ventricles, supplies nutrients and removes wastes, and cushions the CNS by circulating in meninges.

47
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Controls the visual processing abilities

48
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes

49
Q

Sulcus

A

“Valley” in the brain

50
Q

Gyrus

A

“Ridge” in the brain

51
Q

What does the central sulcus house?

A

The primary motor and somatosensory area.

52
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

53
Q

Left hemisphere controls…

A

Language skills, math, and other logical and analytical abilities (as well as the right side of the body)

54
Q

Right hemisphere controls…

A

Spatial skills, face and pattern recognition, and nonverbal thinking (as well as the left side of the body)

55
Q

Three ways in which we study to brain

A

Injuries
Mapping
Imaging

56
Q

What does brain mapping do?

A

Allows us to link a brain location to a specific function of the brain

57
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Located in the left temporal posterior section, it helps us understand written and spoken words

58
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in the left frontal section, it helps us speak and write

59
Q

Short-term memory

A

Begins in prefrontal area, and precedes long-term memory

60
Q

Long-term memory

A

Stored in the association areas of the cerebral cortex, and accessed by the hippocampus and relayed to the prefrontal area. Short term memories are integrated into existing knowledge (long term memory) via the hippocampus.

61
Q

PNS - Somatic System - Functions

A

Voluntary - serves the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons

Involuntary - knee-jerk reflex

62
Q

PNS Autonomic

A

Regulates the activity of involuntary muscles (smooth and cardiac), and can be divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic sections

63
Q

Most drug abusers take drugs that affect which neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine. They artificially affect this reward circuit to the point they ignore basic physical needs in favor of the drug.

64
Q

Sympathetic part of the PNS

A

Fight or Flight

65
Q

Parasympathetic part of the PNS

A

Rest and Digest

Biology (21 decks)

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