Skeletal System

Question 0

5 Types of Bones

Answer 0

1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Sesamoid
5) Irregular

Question 1

5 Skeletal Functions

Answer 1

1) Supports the body
2) Protects soft body parts
3) Produces blood cells (in red bone marrow)
4) Stores minerals (calcium and phosphate) and fat (yellow bone marrow)
5) Permits flexible body movement (via attached muscles)

Question 2

Long Bones

Answer 2

Longer than they are wide - e.g., femur

Question 3

Short Bones

Answer 3

Generally cube-shaped, e.g. carpals

Question 4

Flat Bones

Answer 4

Thin bones consisting of spongy bone sandwiched between two parallel layers of compact bone (e.g. skull bones)

Question 5

Sesamoid Bones

Answer 5

Embedded in tendons and increase muscle leverage (e.g., patella)

Question 6

Irregular Bones

Answer 6

Bones that don’t fit into any other category

Question 7

A long bone is comprised of…

Answer 7

Compact bone and spongy bone

Question 8

Epiphysis

Answer 8

End of a bone

Question 9

Diaphysis

Answer 9

Shaft of a bone

Question 10

Medullary Cavity

Answer 10

Space in compact bone, especially in the diaphysis (shaft)

Question 11

Compact Bone

Answer 11

Living tissue composed of tubular units called osteons

Question 12

Osteocyte

Answer 12

Bone cells, housed in the lacunae.

Question 13

Lacunae

Answer 13

Spaces in which osteocyte reside

Question 14

Lamella

Answer 14

Layer of matrix made with calcium phosphate and collagen fiberfs

Question 15

Spongy Bone

Answer 15

Lighter than compact bones, but still strong. Composed of numerous thin plates called trabeculae, separated by uneven spaces, which often contain red bone marrow.

Question 16

Cartilage

Answer 16

Not as strong as bone, but more flexible, composed of many collagenous and elastic fibers. Lack of nerves allows for suitable “padding”, but a lack of blood vessels results in slow healing.

Question 17

Chondrocytes

Answer 17

Cartilage forming cells that lie within lacunae

Question 18

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 18

Firm but somewhat flexible; found in ends of long bones, nose, larynx, trachea

Question 19

Fibrocartilage

Answer 19

Stronger than hyaline; found in disks between vertebrae

Question 20

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 20

More flexible than hyaline cartilage. Found in ear flaps.

Question 21

Ossification

Answer 21

Formation of bone

Question 22

Intramembraneous Ossification

Answer 22

Bone development between sheets of fibrous connective tissue (used in flat bones)

Question 23

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 23

Cartilage provides a “template” that is replaced by bone (used by most bones)

Question 24

Mesenchyme

Answer 24

Undifferentiated connective tissue

Question 25

Osteoblasts

Answer 25

Bone-forming cells

Question 26

Epiphyseal Plate

Answer 26

Growth plate via which bones grow and lengthen

Question 27

Males stop growing around age...

Answer 27

20.

Question 28

Females stop growing around age...

Answer 28

16-18.

Question 29

Hormone

Answer 29

A chemical messenger (protein or steroid) that is produced in one part of the body and acts on another.

Question 30

Growth Hormone

Answer 30

Stimulates general bone growth and growth of the epiphyseal plates.

Question 31

Sex Hormones

Answer 31

Increases growth during adolescence by stimulating osteoblast activity (estrogen is essential for bone maintenance in adult females and males).

Question 32

Vitamin D

Answer 32

Converted to a hormone to allow calcium absorption in intestines.

Question 33

Osteoclast

Answer 33

Bone-absorbing cells

Question 34

Role of bone in homeostasis

Answer 34

Calcium, important in cell signaling, nerve and muscle function, and blood clotting, stored in bones. Body regulates calcium levels in the blood via hormones - parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Question 35

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 35

Increases blood calcium by accelerating bone recycling, stimulates osteoclast.

Question 36

Calcitonin

Answer 36

Decreases blood calcium by stimulating osteoblast.

Question 37

Osteoperosis

Answer 37

Weakening of bones due to decreased bone mass.

Question 38

Bone absorption exceeds formation by when?

Answer 38

Age 40, usually.

Question 39

Risk factors for osteoperosis

Answer 39

Woman, white or Asian, thin, family history, smoking, diet low in calcium, excessive caffeine or alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle.

Question 40

Four stages of bone repair

Answer 40

1) Hematoma 2) Fibrocatilaginous callus 3) Bony callus 4) Remodeling

Question 41

Hematoma

Answer 41

Blood clot; forms between 6-8 hours after a bone break

Question 42

Fibrocartilaginous Callus

Answer 42

Forms between broken bones, about 3 weeks after a break

Question 43

Bony Callus

Answer 43

The fibrocartilaginous callus is converted into bone, about 3-4 months after a break.

Question 44

Remodeling

Answer 44

Bony callus is replaced by new compact bone tissue. Osteoclasts absorb spongy bone to create the medullary cavity.

Question 45

Articulations

Answer 45

Where bone meets bone (aka "joint")

Question 46

Types of Articulations

Answer 46

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Question 47

Fibrous Articulations

Answer 47

Usually immovable, such as the sutures between cranial bones

Question 48

Cartilaginous Articulations

Answer 48

Tend to be slightly movable such as the intervertebral disks

Question 49

Synovial Articulations

Answer 49

Freely movable joints - several classes - including the knee joint, ball and socket joint (shoulder, hip), and hinge joints (elbow).

Question 50

Flexion

Answer 50

Joint angle decreases

Question 51

Extension

Answer 51

Joint angle increases

Question 52

Adduction

Answer 52

Body part moves toward midline

Question 53

Abduction

Answer 53

Body part moves away from midline

Question 54

Rotation

Answer 54

Body part moves around its own axis

Question 55

Circumduction

Answer 55

Body part moves in a cone shape

Question 56

Inversion

Answer 56

Sole of foot turns inward

Question 57

Eversion

Answer 57

Sole of foot turns outward

Question 58

Axial Skeleton

Answer 58

Lies in the mid-line of the body

Question 59

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 59

Lies away from the mid-line axis

Question 60

Hyoid Bone

Answer 60

Anchors the tongue; attachment point for muscles used in swallowing

Question 61

Vertebral Column

Answer 61

``` Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccyx ```

Question 62

Cervical Vertebrae

Answer 62

Vertebrae 1-7

Question 63

Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 63

8-19

Question 64

Lumbar Vertebrae

Answer 64

20-24

Question 65

Sacral Vertebrae

Answer 65

25-29, fused

Question 66

Coccyx Vertebrae

Answer 66

30-33, fused