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Muscular System Flashcards

(69 cards)

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0
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Narrow cylindrical fibers, non-striated, uninucleate; occurs in walls of internal organs; is involuntary;

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1
Q

Types of Muscle

A

Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle

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2
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Has striated, branched, generally uninucleated fibers; occurs in walls of heart; is involuntary;

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3
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Has striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers; is usually attached to skeleton; is voluntary.

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4
Q

Functions of the Muscular System

A

Support the body
Allow for movement of bones and other structures
Help maintain constant body temperature
Assist in movement of fluids in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels
Protect

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5
Q

Bursa

A

Fluid filled sacs that provide cushioning between tendons and bones

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6
Q

Tendon

A

The connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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7
Q

Origin

A

Attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone

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8
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment of a muscle on a bone that moves

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9
Q

Prime Mover

A

Does most of the work when moving

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10
Q

Synergist

A

Assists the prime mover

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11
Q

Antagonist

A

Works against the prime mover - purpose is to undo what was done by the prime mover

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12
Q

Muscles are named based on what seven characteristics?

A 
Size
Shape
Location
Direction of fibers
Attachment
Number of attachments
Action
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13
Q

Do muscles pull or push?

A

Pull

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14
Q

T-tubule (transverse)

A

Portion of sarcolemma that penetrates muscle cells.

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15
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca+

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16
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane

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17
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Sarcomere

A

One contracting unit of the muscle cell; made of the proteins actin and myosin

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19
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments

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20
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments shaped like a golf club

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21
Q

I Band

A

Region on a sarcomere where actin but no myosin is

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22
Q

H zone

A

Region where myosin is but no actin

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23
Q

A band

A

Length of the myosin fiber

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24
How do filaments go over one another during muscle contraction?
Filaments slide over one another - do NOT crunch up!
25
First step of ATP in cellular work of motion...
ATP is split when myosin head is unattached (so becomes ADP)
26
Second step of ATP in cellular work of motion
ADP + P are bound to myosin as myosin head attaches to actin
27
Third step of ATP in cellular work of motion
Upon ADP+P release, power stroke occurs; head bends and pulls actin
28
Fourth step of ATP in cellular work of motion
Binding of fresh ATP causes myosin head to return to resting position
29
Power Stroke
Movement of myosin head to pull actin
30
Troponin
Calcium complex that modifies the position of tropomyosin
31
First step of Muscle Fiber Contraction
Nerve impulses (action potential) travels down motor neurons to a neuromuscular junction
32
Neuromuscular Junction
Where a motor neuron connects to skeletal muscle
33
Motor unit
A nerve fiber and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
34
Second Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction
Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from the neurons and bind to the muscle fibers. (Synaptic vesicles of the neuron contain ACh, a neurotransmitter, where it binds with receptor on the sarcolemma)
35
Third Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction
Binding of ACh stimulates impulses down the T-tibules causing calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
36
Fourth Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction
Calcium complex (troponin) modifies tropomyosin, exposing binding site
37
Fifth Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction
Myosin head binds with actin (thanks to ADP + P)
38
Sixth Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction
ADP + P are released, resulting in a power stroke
39
Seventh Step of Muscle Fiber Contraction
Additional ATP allows for myosin head to return to resting position and calcium to be pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
40
Electromyogram (EMG)
Method of detecting changes in ions associated with muscle contraction
41
Electrical voltages
Difference in charge from place to place - can be detected on surface of skin
42
Motor unit
A nerve fiber and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates - "all or none"
43
Motor Unit Recruitment
Increases the strength of contraction by increasing the number of motor units in use
44
Fatigue sets in when...
...you have recruited same motor units for a while and depleted energy (ATP)
45
Muscle twitch is...
A single motor unit contraction, caused by infrequent electrical impulses, and lasts a fraction of a second.
46
Summation
Increase in muscle contraction until maximum sustained contraction (tetanus) is reached, and lasts until fatigue (muscle relaxes despite stimulation due to depletion of energy reserves).
47
Tetanus
Maximal sustained contraction
48
Fatigue
Decrease in a muscle's ability to generate force, when the muscle relaxes despite stimulation due to depletion of energy reserves.
49
Four sources of ATP for muscle contraction...
Stored in muscle fibers Creatine-phosphate pathway Fermentation Cellular Respiration
50
Creatine-phosphate pathway
Fastest way to acquire ATP but only sustains cell for seconds; builds up when a muscle is resting (anaerobic).
51
Fermentation
Fast-acting but results in lactate build-up (anaerobic)
52
Cellular Respiration
Not an immediate source of ATP, but best long term source (aerobic)
53
Myoglobin
Protein that transports oxygen directly to mitochondria of muscle cells
54
Fast Twitch Fiber Characteristics
``` Creatine-Phosphate pathway and fermentation for ATP Fewer Mitochondria Light Color Fewer blood vessels Little myoglobin ```
55
Slow Twitch Fiber Characteristics
``` Cellular Respiration for ATP More mitochondria Dark color More blood vessels More myoglobin ```
56
Fast Twitch Muscle Characteristics
Anaerobic Explosive Power Fatigues Easily
57
Slow Twitch Muscle Characteristics
Is Aerobic Steady Power Has Endurance
58
Spasms
Sudden, involuntary muscle contractions that are usually painful
59
Seizure/Convulsion
Multiple spasms of skeletal muscles
60
Cramps
Strong, painful spasms often of the leg and foot
61
Strain
Stretching or tearing of a muscle
62
Sprain
Twisting of a joint involving muscle, ligaments, and joints
63
Fibromyalgia
Chronic achy muscles; not well understood
64
Muscular Dystrophy
Group of genetic disorders in which muscles progressively degenerate and weaken
65
Myasthenia Gravis
Autoimmune disorder that attacks ACh receptors and weakens muscles of the face, neck, and extremities
66
Muscle Cancer
Cancers originating in support tissues (bone, muscle) are called sarcoma
67
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Lou Gehrig's Disease; genetic disorder in which motor neurons degenerate leading to loss of voluntary muscle contractions
68
Muscles contribute to homeostasis how...?
Allow for movement to let us respond to stimuli, digest food, breathe, etc. Protect body parts Helps to regulate body temperature

Biology (21 decks)

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