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Flashcards in Neurohistology Deck (40)
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1
Q

General Organization.

Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS). ___, ____. ___ nerves.

Autonomic nervous system.

___.

____

___ ___ – serves ___ ___.

Peripheral nerves can come out of various places of the the spinal cord

Nerves that innervate ANS also come out of the spinal cord

In your gut you have almost the same nt complexity as you have in your brain. Like a ___ ___.

Some people say the brain is only there to fill the gut

A

General Organization. Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system (PNS). Cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves. Autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic. Parasympathetic. Enteric division – serves alimentary canal. Peripheral nerves can come out of various places of the the spinal cord Nerves that innervate ANS also come out of the spinal cord In your gut you have almost the same nt complexity as you have in your brain. Like a mini brain. Some people say the brain is only there to fill the gut

2
Q

Nervous System Components

Sensory (___) component that ____ and ____s impulses ___ the central nervous system.

Motor (___) component that originates in the ___ and transmits impulses to __ ___ and tissues throughout the body.

S: Signal coming from periphery going in

M: start in brain and move out to periphery

A

Nervous System Components Sensory (afferent) component that receives and transmits impulses to the central nervous system. Motor (efferent) component that originates in the CNS and transmits impulses to effector organs and tissues throughout the body. S: Signal coming from periphery going in M: start in brain and move out to periphery

3
Q

Cell Types.

Neurons

Afferent (____).

Efferent (___).

______ (____ neurons).

Neuroglia (=Glia)

___ ___ ____ cells.

Neurons transmit stuff from one place to another.

Interneurons: what have to do a lot of ____ to ____ the signals that get sent from one place to another.

Sent on afferent and efferents.

Processing that goes on, manipulating signal to the current sitation, that’s often done by these _____

In brain we also have glia. These don’t ___ ___ from place to place They are supporting cells They do some important stuff but we don’t spend a lot of time talking about them

They control some of the ____ fcns of the brain.

There is some evidence that they can ___ ____ neurons They are a ___ ___ cell

A

Cell Types. Neurons Afferent (sensory). Efferent (motor). Interneurons (connecting neurons). Neuroglia (=Glia) Non conducting supporting cells. Neurons transmit stuff from one place to another. Interneurons: what have to do a lot of integration to process the signals that get sent from one place to another. Sent on afferent and efferents. Processing that goes on, manipulating signal to the current sitation, that’s often done by these interneurons In brain we also have glia. These don’t conduct info from place to place They are supporting cells They do some important stuff but we don’t spend a lot of time talking about them They control some of the immune fcns of the brain. There is some evidence that they can turn into neurons They are a multifcnal support cell

4
Q

Neurons General Structure.

This is a purkinje neuron.

In general, signals enter the ____, are ____ and an ____ representation of state of state of the neuron sent out the ___.

Dendrites- ____ input information,

Soma-the ___ ___. Is responsible all ___ ____ maintaining the cells and has a lot of ___ ___ ___(called ___ ___)

Axons –only ____ axon (but may ____).

Axon hillock is ____ of____ ____.

Axon terminals (______).

Supporting cells ____ cells, _____.

___ sheath.

____ branches.

Dendrites-____ dendrites.

Cell body – ____

Cell membrane – _____.

Organelles:

Neurofilaments - ___ ____

RER – as clumps known as __ ___

____

____

___ and ____

The proteins are transported on____ to all parts of the cells. The axon is the output for the cell and acts like a long ___ ___ to where the signal is suppose to go.

At the end of the axon are ____, the structure where the message is sent to the next cell.

When we think of a neuron this is often the immage we have in mind

This is the ____model

We have a cell body From the cell body we have projections.

Dendrites: on the receiving end of the neuronal signals. Other cells project their projections onto the dendrites. Dendrites are involved in ____ that and making sense of it. You have 1000s of signals coming from above and only signal out by AP then you have to figure out which one to signal

Dendrites are an Inegrating area of the cell that allows all this information to go to the +___ ___k

This (axon hillock) is where all the signals ___ and we fire off ___ ___ that can project down the axon

Outgoing process is an axon. Axons take info from cell body out to a distant point

If these cells were in the spinal cord and it was a motor cell and we needed to send a signal down to the muscles, we would integrate the input of whether or not we should fire this muscle cell off and if we did we would fire an AP here at the axon hillock. That would go down the cell and down to the muscles

Telodendria: Branching___ ___ at end of neuron that spreads out the ____ where its going to go. Axon has myelin sheath. This makes the signal go ___and more ____.

Very efficient transmitter of info. If we look closer, a lot is happening at the cell body (soma)

A

This is a purkinje neuron. In general, signals enter the dendrites, are summed and an integrated representation of state of state of the neuron sent out the axon. Dendrites- receive input information, Soma-the cell body. Is responsible all protein synthesis maintaining the cells and has a lot of rough endoplasmic reticulum (called Nissl bodies). Axons –only one axon (but may collateralize). Axon hillock is devoid of Nissl material. Axon terminals (Telodendria). Supporting cells Schwann cells, oligodendroglia. Myelin sheath. Collateral branches. Dendrites- numerous dendrites. Cell body – soma. Cell membrane – Perikaryon. Organelles: Neurofilaments - intermediate filaments. RER – as clumps known as Nissl substance. Mitochondria. Golgi. Lipofuscin and melanin. The proteins are transported on microtubules to all parts of the cells. The axon is the output for the cell and acts like a long conducting cable to where the signal is suppose to go. At the end of the axon are synapse, the structure where the message is sent to the next cell. When we think of a neuron this is often the immage we have in mind This is the Carrot model We have a cell body From the cell body we have projections. Dendrites: on the receiving end of the neuronal signals. Other cells project their projections onto the dendrites. Dendrites are involved in integrating that and making sense of it. You have 1000s of signals coming from above and only signal out by AP then you have to figure out which one to signal Dendrites are an Inegrating area of the cell that allows all this information to go to the axon hillock This (axon hillock) is where all the signals combine and we fire off action potentials that can project down the axon Outgoing process is an axon. Axons take info from cell body out to a distant point If these cells were in the spinal cord and it was a motor cell and we needed to send a signal down to the muscles, we would integrate the input of whether or not we should fire this muscle cell off and if we did we would fire an AP here at the axon hillock. That would go down the cell and down to the muscles Telodendria: Branching dendritic area at end of neuron that spreads out the signal where its going to go. Axon has myelin sheath. This makes the signal go faster and more efficiently. Very efficient transmitter of info. If we look closer, a lot is happening at the cell body (soma)

5
Q

Nil Substance NS=__ __ __

Stains with ___ ____

Nucleolus= Assembles _____

Here is the Cell body enlarged. We have nissl substance You see this ____ stuff if you stain it with cresyl violet. Basically this is the rough ER in the neuron The neuron is often involved in synthesizing many proteins Protein syn engine

Nucleolus assembles the ribosomes so we get the right proteins being synthesized

A

Nil Substance NS=rough ER. Stains with cresyl violet Nucleolus= Assembles ribosomes Here is the Cell body enlarged. We have nissl substance You see this purple stuff if you stain it with cresyl violet. Basically this is the rough ER in the neuron The neuron is often involved in synthesizing many proteins Protein syn engine Nucleolus assembles the ribosomes so we get the right proteins being synthesized

6
Q

Shapes of Neurons.

•Bipolar –__ ___, __ ___

Generally in special __ ___ such as ___, ___

•Unipolar (pseudobipolar , pseudounipolar) – __ ___ that projects the full length of the “___-___”. General form of __ ___ in various tissue to __ ___ in the CNS. These are the ones that innervate ___.

•Pseudounipolar neurons start out as ___ neurons which explains a lot about their___r.

•Multipolar – more than one __ __

What he just showed is the carrot model

Leaves of carrot sticks up and then we have a bulb and the carrot goes down

But a lot of neurons in the brain don’t look like carrots

Other nuerons:

Bipolar: cell body in the middle. Axons and dendrites ___ __ __, not much difference bw them. Generally polarized so info travels ___ direction

Unipolar(pseudobipolar/psuedounipolar ) Axon or dendrite on ___ of cell body. No ___ from cell body. Designed to transmit information from end of ___, into the ___very rapidly without a lot of inegration in the cell body. Cell body sits over here on a ___. A lot of time, the cell bodies are grouped in things called ___.

Baby pseudounipolar cell looks a lot like a bipolar cell

When we look at nt released from this cell, whats released in the ___ is mirrored by stuff that’s released into the ___. We are actually getting a __ ___transmission. Even though primary signal goes from tissue to the brain, the metab of the cell often shares components on both ends. Maybe its not so specialized that things only go one way

Multipolar: we will call this a ___

A

Shapes of Neurons.

•Bipolar –one axon, one dendrite. Generally in special sensory organs such as eye, ear.

•Unipolar (pseudobipolar , pseudounipolar) – single process that projects the full length of the “dendrite-axon”. General form of sensory receptors in various tissue to synaptic terminals in the CNS. These are the ones that innervate teeth.

•Pseudounipolar neurons start out as bipolar neurons which explains a lot about their behavior.

•Multipolar – more than one dendritic process

What he just showed is the carrot model

Leaves of carrot sticks up and then we have a bulb and the carrot goes down

But a lot of neurons in the brain don’t look like carrots

Other nuerons:

Bipolar: cell body in the middle. Axons and dendrites resemble each other, not much difference bw them. Generally polarized so info travels one direction

Unipolar(pseudobipolar/psuedounipolar ) Axon or dendrite on side of cell body. No integration from cell body. Designed to transmit information from end of dendrite, into the brain very rapidly without a lot of inegration in the cell body. Cell body sits over here on a stock. A lot of time, the cell bodies are grouped in things called ganglia.

Baby pseudounipolar cell looks a lot like a bipolar cell

When we look at nt released from this cell, whats released in the brain is mirrored by stuff that’s released into the tissue. We are actually getting a 2 way transmission. Even though primary signal goes from tissue to the brain, the metab of the cell often shares components on both ends. Maybe its not so specialized that things only go one way

Multipolar: we will call this a carrot.

7
Q

Types of Neuroglia (Glia).

  • ___(=astroglia)
  • ___
  • ____ and ____ Cells
  • ___
  • ___ cells.

Atrocytes surround the nerve __ ___, ___ ___ and the ___ ___ of the meningies and ependamal cells surrounding the ventricles.

Glia come in different flavors.

In the ____ they are called oliigodendroglia. In the ___ they are called schwann cells. They have similar fcns

Pericytes: these have to do with____ around vessels. Theres a lot of communication bw the brain and the vessels. MRI bold tells you __ ___ in diff parts of the brain. One of the things that controls that O2 level is the ____ and the cells around the blood vessels that cause the blood vessels to either contract or dilate

If you get a lot of CO2 in you, all those____ to try to get more blood into the brain. If you not using the brain that much, they will ___ down because it wont use very much O2. You can tell what the FCN of the brain is by following the amount of O2 in different regions of the tissue

Astrocyte: look like ____

Has some of its projections on the ___, some on___, some ___ layers that surround the ventricles in the brain. This is in a good place to ___ these environements and make manipulations to control them

Blood brain barrier: brain protected from ____ molecules getting in to it

___ and ____ control the passage of molecules from the blood into the brain

Part of that is regulated by __ ___. Brain is a diff compartment than the rest of the systemic circulation

A

Types of Neuroglia (Glia).

  • Astrocytes (=astroglia)
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendroglia and Schwann Cells
  • Pericytes
  • Ependymal cells.

Atrocytes surround the nerve cell body, capillary walls and the ependimal cells of the meningies and ependamal cells surrounding the ventricles.

Banerjee S, Bhat MA.

Neuron-glial interactions in blood-brain barrier formation.

Annu Rev Neurosci. 2007;30:235-58. Review.

Glia come in different flavors.

In the brain they are called oliigodendroglia. In the periphery they are called schwann cells. They have similar fcns

Pericytes: these have to do with covering around vessels. Theres a lot of communication bw the brain and the vessels. MRI bold tells you O2 levels in diff parts of the brain. One of the things that controls that O2 level is the pericytes and the cells around the blood vessels that cause the blood vessels to either contract or dilate

If you get a lot of CO2 in you, all those dilate to try to get more blood into the brain. If you not using the brain that much, they will contract down because it wont use very much O2. You can tell what the FCN of the brain is by following the amount of O2 in different regions of the tissue

Astrocyte: look like stars

Has some of its projections on the neuron, some on vessel, some pendable layers that surround the ventricles in the brain. This is in a good place to Sense these environements and make manipulations to control them

Blood brain barrier: brain protected from ionized molecules getting in to it

Pericytes and Astrocytes control the passage of molecules from the blood into the brain

Part of that is regulated by TJ: tight jcn. Brain is a diff compartment than the rest of the systemic circulation

8
Q

Astrocytes.

  • They have radiating ____ and end___
  • The end feet surround ____ - form part of the ___ __ ___.
  • Astrocytes divide after ___ and can form ___ in the CNS.
  • Astrocytes can release __ ___ to regulate___ activities.
  • Astrocytes found through out the ____

–_____ astrocytes — mostly found in ___matter- branches are ___ and ___

–____ astrocytes - mostly found in ___ mater, ___, ___ branches.

–Both astrocyte types have ___ functions.

Stary-Stary Astrocytes=Green GFAP Stain (Glial fibrillary acidic protein), Blue DAPI Stain-DAPI nuclear Marker

When you have injury to brain and you scar up you will get an __ ___ and that can cause of ____. You get O2 starved cells and they start to become hyperactive and trigger epilepsy

Important for regulating a couple of important nt: ___ and ____

Astrocyte to blood vessel and linking out to other tissue In the brain

A

Astrocytes.

  • They have radiating branches and end feet.
  • The end feet surround capillaries - form part of the blood brain barrier.
  • Astrocytes divide after injury and can form scars in the CNS.
  • Astrocytes can release metabolic substrates to regulate neuronal activities.
  • Astrocytes found through out the CNS.

–Protoplasmic astrocytes — mostly found in gray matter- branches are short and thick.

–Fibrous astrocytes - mostly found in white mater, long, slender branches.

–Both astrocyte types have similar functions.

Stary-Stary Astrocytes=Green GFAP Stain (Glial fibrillary acidic protein), Blue DAPI Stain-DAPI nuclear Marker

When you have injury to brain and you scar up you will get an abnormal focus and that can cause of epilepsy. You get O2 starved cells and they start to become hyperactive and trigger epilepsy

Important for regulating a couple of important nt: gabba and gluatamate

Astrocyte to blood vessel and linking out to other tissue In the brain

9
Q

Microglia

  • Microglia are ____ cells in the CNS that can ____
  • Microglia when activated can act as part of the ___ ___ as ___ __ ___
  • Early microglia ___ ___(M1), later help ___ ___(M2)
  • Involved in___ ,____, ____, ____

Microglia after __ __ __ (TBI) stained for ___ marker

Microglia stained for ionized calcium adaptor binding molecule (Iab-1) an inflammation marker.

Loane DJ,Byrnes KR

Role of Microglia in Neurotrauma

The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics

Neurotherapeutics, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2010

immunostained with anti-Iba-1

Amor S, Peferoen LA, Vogel DY, Breur M, van der Valk P, Baker D, van Noort JM.

Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases–an update.

Immunology. 2014 Jun;142(2):151-66. doi: 10.1111/imm.12233.

Part of the immune system of the brain. Act like the immune cells in the rest of the body. Bc of blood brain barrier brain needs its own set of immune cells that can get rid of trash and fix things.

M1: elaborated when there’s inflamm

This is a traumatic brain injury. You see that 3 days after TBI you have elaboration of the microglia. 7 days after you have even greater elaboration of microglia. These initial microglia are involved in inflammation and breaking down of __ __and maybe___ ___ and____ the trash from an injury

Second Phase:

M2: involved in resolving inflammation. After inflammation has served its usefulness.

Whole series of events. Proinflamm mediators, antiinflammatory mediators, microglia, resolution

Resolution occurs later on. Microglia are part of that process.

A

Microglia

  • Microglia are phagocytic cells in the CNS that can divide.
  • Microglia when activated can act as part of the immune system as antigen-presenting cells.
  • Early microglia produce inflammation (M1), later help resolve inflammation (M2)
  • Involved in Alzheimers, Parkinson’s, infections, TBI , etc.

Microglia after traumatic brain injury (TBI) stained for inflammation marker

Microglia stained for ionized calcium adaptor binding molecule (Iab-1) an inflammation marker.

Loane DJ,Byrnes KR

Role of Microglia in Neurotrauma

The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics

Neurotherapeutics, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2010

immunostained with anti-Iba-1

Amor S, Peferoen LA, Vogel DY, Breur M, van der Valk P, Baker D, van Noort JM.

Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases–an update.

Immunology. 2014 Jun;142(2):151-66. doi: 10.1111/imm.12233.

Part of the immune system of the brain. Act like the immune cells in the rest of the body. Bc of blood brain barrier brain needs its own set of immune cells that can get rid of trash and fix things.

M1: elaborated when there’s inflamm

This is a traumatic brain injury. You see that 3 days after TBI you have elaboration of the microglia. 7 days after you have even greater elaboration of microglia. These initial microglia are involved in inflammation and breaking down of dead tissue and maybe killing bacteria and removing the trash from an injury

Second Phase:

M2: involved in resolving inflammation. After inflammation has served its usefulness.

Whole series of events. Proinflamm mediators, antiinflammatory mediators, microglia, resolution

Resolution occurs later on. Microglia are part of that process.

10
Q

Oligodendroglia and Schwann Glia.

•Oligodendroglia are found only in the CNS.

–___ and ___ the axon.

–Form and maintain the __ ___ when it is present.

–Also - maintain ___ ___ axons.

–___ ____ wraps ___ neuron(s)

•Corresponding cells in the PNS are known as Schwann cells.

–___ ___ wrap __ neuron(s)

These cells are important for myelination

Even nonmyelnated neurons have a ___ __ of myelin around them

Oligo vs Schwan

One oligo wraps lots of diff neurons. Send process out.

Along entire process of neuron, a bunch of schwann cells will be wrapping that.

This is some new dye technology for demonstrating diff processes of neurons

Green fluoresent proteins

Oligodendoglioma: ___ in 4 mo.

A

Oligodendroglia and Schwann Glia.

•Oligodendroglia are found only in the CNS.

–Surround and maintain the axon.

–Form and maintain the myelin sheath when it is present.

–Also - maintain non myelinated axons.

–One oligo wraps many neurons

•Corresponding cells in the PNS are known as Schwann cells.

–Many Schwann’s wrap 1 neuron

These cells are important for myelination

Even nonmyelnated neurons have a single wrap of myelin around them

Oligo vs Schwan

One oligo wraps lots of diff neurons. Send process out.

Along entire process of neuron, a bunch of schwann cells will be wrapping that.

This is some new dye technology for demonstrating diff processes of neurons

Green fluoresent proteins

Oligodendoglioma: lethal in 4 mo.

11
Q

Ependymal cells.

  • Ependymal cells line the___s and ___ ___of the CNS.
  • Apical portions of the cell ( facing the ___ ) have __ ___between the adjacent cells. Part of ___– ___ ___ Barrier.
A

Ependymal cells.

  • Ependymal cells line the ventricles and central canal of the CNS.
  • Apical portions of the cell ( facing the ventricle) have tight junctions between the adjacent cells. Part of Brain – Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier.
12
Q

Heres the ependyma

Pia matter: a coating around the___ and a ___ ___

In the ependyma, some of this will form a specialized tissue called ___ ___

A

Heres the ependyma

Pia matter: a coating around the brain and a basement membraine

In the ependyma, some of this will form a specialized tissue called choroid plexus

13
Q

Choroid Plexus.

  • Choroid plexuses are folds composed of ___ and ___, then covered by a layer of ___ ___
  • Function: It secrete ___ __ ___ that fills the___, __ __, and____ space and ___ the brain.
  • A____/___ ___ is located in the choroid plexus.

B-Description Microphotograph of HE stained section of normal choroid plexus. Original magnification 100x this figure at 40X, Date 24 October 2006(2006-10-24) Source Own work Author Marvin_101-from wikipedia library

EM-http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/306503/view

Manufactures cerebrospinal fluid (fluid that sits in the vetricles of the brain)

Ventricles: ____ in brain that are filled with fluid

Brain is normally floating in cerebrospinal fluid

Sometimes if you get injection in your spinal cord or spinal tap CSF spues out

Then brain sinks down onto the skull and you get huge headache bc brain not floating

We have bb barrier bw ___ and the and ___

We have another barrier bw brain and ____. Keeps wrong molecules from easy access to cerebrospinal fluid where it can float around and cause trouble

A

Choroid Plexus.

  • Choroid plexuses are folds composed of pia and capillaries, then covered by a layer of ependymal cells.
  • Function: It secrete cerebro-spinal fluid that fills the ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space and floats the brain.
  • A Blood/CSF barrier is located in the choroid plexus.

B-Description Microphotograph of HE stained section of normal choroid plexus. Original magnification 100x this figure at 40X, Date 24 October 2006(2006-10-24) Source Own work Author Marvin_101-from wikipedia library

EM-http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/306503/view

Manufactures cerebrospinal fluid (fluid that sits in the vetricles of the brain)

Ventricles: cavities in brain that are filled with fluid

Brain is normally floating in cerebrospinal fluid

Sometimes if you get injection in your spinal cord or spinal tap CSF spues out

Then brain sinks down onto the skull and you get huge headache bc brain not floating

We have bb barrier bw capillaries and the and brain

We have another barrier bw brain and ventricles. Keeps wrong molecules from easy access to cerebrospinal fluid where it can float around and cause trouble

14
Q

Nuclei, Ganglia and Tracts.

  • Nuclei are ____ of ____ ____ the central nervous system.
  • Tracts are ____ of ____ with similar ____ ___ the CNS.
  • A ganglion is defined as a group of nerve cell bodies located ___ the central nervous system. (Some exceptions, i.e. __ ___)

–Individual nerve cells in a ganglion may be called ___ ___

Tracts: ___ fiber, axonal appendages. Project from one ___ to another.

Basal ganglia: right in the ____ in the CNS. Not named way you expect it to be named.

A

Nuclei, Ganglia and Tracts.

  • Nuclei are groups of neurons within the central nervous system.
  • Tracts are aggregates of axons with similar function in the CNS.
  • A ganglion is defined as a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system. (Some exceptions, i.e. basal ganglia)

–Individual nerve cells in a ganglion may be called ganglion cells.

Tracts: white fiber, axonal appendages. Project from one nucleus to another.

Basal ganglia: right in the middle in the CNS. Not named way you expect it to be named.

15
Q

Ganglia.

  • Sensory — _____ neurons with ___ ____ surrounding them (e.g., sensory cell bodies in the __ __ __.
  • Autonomic :Two types

üSympathetic

üParasympathetic

Cell bodies for voluntary motor neurons are in the ___ ___

The ganglion that we are normally working with in dentistry are the ___ ganglia

The cell bodies that project to the sensory part of the spinal cord have their cell bodies in the sensory ___ root ganglion

Remember, the bipolar cells have there cell body off on a stock. Bc nucleus (cell body) is bigger than the fibers this part of the nerve tract is swollen bc it has all these cell bodies in it.

Another ___ cells has fiber to ___ and one to ___

Sensory input to spinal cord is in dorsal side of spinal cord

Sensory fiber also has Motor fibers on it that come out of ___ horn

There are some cells in the ____ horn: This is where cell bodies from___ ___ live. Cell projects out to ____ chain. This chain of neurons is going up and down your spinal cord

This system has a Short pregan fiber compared to long post gang. Sympathetic

Cell bodies for post gang cells are in this ganglia along the spinal cord.

Cell bodies for voluntary muscles are in __ ___. They project all the way out to the tissues.

Sensory fibers project to the dorsal horn and then the sensory cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglia.

Autonomic: we have two types.

Symp: short pre, long post

Parasympathetic: projects from cranial scaral division

A

Ganglia.

  • Sensory — pseudounipolar neurons with satellite cells surrounding them (e.g., sensory cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia).
  • Autonomic :Two types

üSympathetic

üParasympathetic

Cell bodies for voluntary motor neurons are in the spinal cord.

The ganglion that we are normally working with in dentistry are the peripheral ganglia.

The cell bodies that project to the sensory part of the spinal cord have their cell bodies in the sensory dorsal root ganglion

Remember, the bipolar cells have there cell body off on a stock. Bc nucleus (cell body) is bigger than the fibers this part of the nerve tract is swollen bc it has all these cell bodies in it.

Another unipolar cells has fiber to tissue and one to brain

Sensory input to spinal cord is in dorsal side of spinal cord

Sensory fiber also has Motor fibers on it that come out of ventral horn

There are some cells in the Intermediate horn: This is where cell bodies from sympathetic ganglia live. Cell projects out to paravertebral chain. This chain of neurons is going up and down your spinal cord

This system has a Short pregan fiber compared to long post gang. Sympathetic

Cell bodies for post gang cells are in this ganglia along the spinal cord.

Cell bodies for voluntary muscles are in ventral horn. They project all the way out to the tissues.

Sensory fibers project to the dorsal horn and then the sensory cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglia.

Autonomic: we have two types.

Symp: short pre, long post

Parasympathetic: projects from cranial scaral division

16
Q

Sensory Dorsal Root Ganglia

  • Ganglion cells are ______ cell bodies of sensory nerves.
  • These large cells have a layer of ___ ___ that ___ ___
  • The individual cells are ____e so that in individual sections only a few of the ____ are seen. ___ may or may not be seen in individual sections.
  • Surrounding this is a thin layer of ___ ___ containing __ __and ___

(homologous-____ Ganglia)

A

Sensory Dorsal Root Ganglia

  • Ganglion cells are pseudo unipolar cell bodies of sensory nerves.
  • These large cells have a layer of capsule cells that provide support.
  • The individual cells are large so that in individual sections only a few of the processes are seen. Nuclei may or may not be seen in individual sections.
  • Surrounding this is a thin layer of connective tissue containing satellite cells and collagen.

(homologous-Trigeminal Ganglia)

17
Q

Sensory ganglion

DRG: Group of fiber tracks and a bunch of cells. Cell bodies of afferent nerves

Trigeminal ganglion: conducts the ___ ___ from the mouth. Looks like the ____. These are homologous structures. One innervates the ___ and the other that innervates the___. We see nerve fibers and cell bodies.

We see cell bodies stained in blue and then pink fibers that are the projecting nerve fibers

A

Sensory ganglion

DRG: Group of fiber tracks and a bunch of cells. Cell bodies of afferent nerves

Trigeminal ganglion: conducts the pain fibers from the mouth. Looks like the sensory. These are homologous structures. One innervates the head and the other that innervates the body. We see nerve fibers and cell bodies.

We see cell bodies stained in blue and then pink fibers that are the projecting nerve fibers

18
Q

Sensory - Dorsal Root Ganglion.
___cells, variety of sizes, processes not always ___.

Larger cells have ___ ___

Often contain ____ (molecular ___?)

Drug “___” may help remove cells with too much ___ by promoting ___, improves _____s patients.

Protienopathy diseases include ___ diseases, many cases of ___ and ____s, maybe ___

Higher resolution.

Large cells are the cell bodies.

Nucleus/nucleolus, fibers

Yellow stuff in cell body. Lipofuscin. This might be really interesting. It ____ with age. It is a trash pile of stuff that hasn’t been kicked out of the neruon.

In certain neuro diseases, you see a big blob of trash in those cells. That trash can cause inflammation and can cause ___ ___ to ____ those cells and destroy them. People lose fcn bc of the accumulation of trash.

We call these ____diseases. Lipofusion suggests theres lipids in there but there may also be some proteins.

Some Proteins are aberrent. Some of the trash that can accumulate in these cells disrupt there fcn and eventually leading to cell death. Beginning signs of parkinsons happen 30 years before motor loss. Problems are hiding in cells

Sometimes that gets transmitted ____ly from one cell to the next. Its kind of toxic. Spreading damage going thru the ____

Nilotinib. New drug. Tends to cause cells with a lot of lipofusin to become ____

Some patients with parkinsons recover much fcn

A

Sensory - Dorsal Root Ganglion.
Large cells, variety of sizes, processes not always visible. Larger cells have myelinated axons.

Often contain Lipofuscin (molecular trash?)

Drug “Nilotinib” may help remove cells with too much trash by promoting apoptosis, improves Parkinson’s patients.

Protienopathy diseases include prion diseases, many cases of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, maybe diabetes.

Higher resolution.

Large cells are the cell bodies.

Nucleus/nucleolus, fibers

Yellow stuff in cell body. Lipofuscin. This might be really interesting. It increasees with age. It is a trash pile of stuff that hasn’t been kicked out of the neruon.

In certain neuro diseases, you see a big blob of trash in those cells. That trash can cause inflammation and can cause other cells to attack those cells and destroy them. People lose fcn bc of the accumulation of trash.

We call these proteosome diseases. Lipofusion suggests theres lipids in there but there may also be some proteins.

Some Proteins are aberrent. Some of the trash that can accumulate in these cells disrupt there fcn and eventually leading to cell death. Beginning signs of parkinsons happen 30 years before motor loss. Problems are hiding in cells

Sometimes that gets transmitted axonolly from one cell to the next. Its kind of toxic. Spreading damage going thru the brain.

Nilotinib. New drug. Tends to cause cells with a lot of lipofusin to become apoptotic.

Some patients with parkinsons recover much fcn

19
Q

Autonomic Ganglia

  • These contain cell bodies of ___ ___ ____
  • Autonomic cells are ___r and ____myelinated than ____

Sensory vs. Autonomic:

Autonomic are smaller fibers.

A

Autonomic Ganglia

  • These contain cell bodies of autonomic ganglionic nerves.
  • Autonomic cells are smaller and less myelinated than sensory.

Sensory vs. Autonomic:

Autonomic are smaller fibers.

20
Q

Sympathetic Ganglia.

•Preganglionic sympathetic ___ and postganglionic sympathetic __ __ in___ ___

–most sympathetic chain ____to spinal cord. (_____)

–a few in some ___ ___

•Postganglionic sympathetic nerves that originate in these ganglia then chiefly go to the ___ muscles that they innervate (heart, gut, etc.) and usually use ____ as their transmitter.

Top figure: Paravertebral chain stained for ___ ___ the rate limiting enzyme for synthesis of _____ in the sympathetic, post ganglion transmitter.

The sympathietics ___ the spinal cord in the thorax and lumbar regions so this is called the ____ part of the autonomic nervous system.

Sympathetic ganglion Fall along the spinal cord and are called the ____chain.

Nt from brain to sympathetic ganglion is ___

Nt from sympthatic ganglion to periphery is ___

To make NE, you need ___ ____

They got this immature spinal cord and stained it for Y hydroxylase

You can’t see any preganglionic fibers from the brain to ganglia

Can see the fibers leaving. Y hydroxylase is primary enzyme to make NE.

There are a few sym ganglia that aren’t in this chain.

A

Sympathetic Ganglia.

•Preganglionic sympathetic fibers and postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies in sympathetic ganglia.

–most sympathetic chain adjacent to spinal cord. (Thoracolumbar)

–a few in some collateral ganglia

•Postganglionic sympathetic nerves that originate in these ganglia then chiefly go to the organ muscles that they innervate (heart, gut, etc.) and usually use norepinephrine as their transmitter.

Top figure: Paravertebral chain stained for tyrosine hydroxylase the rate limiting enzyme for synthesis of norepinephrine in the sympathetic, post ganglion transmitter.

The sympathietics exit the spinal cord in the thorax and lumbar regions so this is called the thoracolumbar part of the autonomic nervous system.

Sympathetic ganglion Fall along the spinal cord and are called the Paravertebral chain.

Nt from brain to sympathetic ganglion is Ach.

Nt from sympthatic ganglion to periphery is norepi

To make NE, you need Y hydroxylase.

They got this immature spinal cord and stained it for Y hydroxylase

You can’t see any preganglionic fibers from the brain to ganglia

Can see the fibers leaving. Y hydroxylase is primary enzyme to make NE.

There are a few sym ganglia that aren’t in this chain.

21
Q

Parasympathetic Ganglia.

•Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in:

–Certain ____ nerves

–Lower segments of spinal cord= ____

•Preganglionic fibers synapse on postganglionic cell bodies located in ___ ___ often on or in ___ they innervate.

Structurally quite different.

Fibers projecting from the brain Start in cranial or sacral divisions of the spinal cord

The ganglia that they project to are in the tissue itself.

Long preganglionic

Short postganglionic

Sympathetic: Thoraco-lumbar

Para: Cranio-sacral

A

Parasympathetic Ganglia.

•Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in:

–Certain cranial nerves

–Lower segments of spinal cord= sacral.

•Preganglionic fibers synapse on postganglionic cell bodies located in terminal ganglia often on or in tissues they innervate.

Structurally quite different.

Fibers projecting from the brain Start in cranial or sacral divisions of the spinal cord

The ganglia that they project to are in the tissue itself.

Long preganglionic

Short postganglionic

Sympathetic: Thoraco-lumbar

Para: Cranio-sacral

22
Q

Intramural Neurons.

•Intramural neurons - terminal __ ___ located in the walls of ___ ___

–____s (___) nerve plexus

–___ (s____l ) nerve plexus

Primary in ___ NS

Groups:

Auerbach: bw layers of ___ in the gut

Meissners: up twd where ___ are sticking into GI tract

A

Intramural Neurons.

•Intramural neurons - terminal ganglionic neurons located in the walls of GI tracts:

–Auerbach’s (myenteric) nerve plexus

–Meissner’s (submucosal ) nerve plexus

Primary in enteric NS

Groups:

Auerbach: bw layers of muscle in the gut

Meissners: up twd where glands are sticking into GI tract

23
Q

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus.

•This plexus is found between the inner ___ and outer ____l layers of the ___ muscle layers (muscularis externa) in the ___

–This chiefly controls the ___ of the two muscle layers.

Auerbach’s Plexas

http://www.leicabiosystems.com/pathologyleaders/an-introduction-to-routine-and-special-staining/

Ho A, Lievore A, Patierno S, Kohlmeier SE, Tonini M, Sternini C.

Neurochemically distinct classes of myenteric neurons express the mu-opioid receptor in the guinea pig ileum.

J Comp Neurol. 2003 Apr 14;458(4):404-11.

Myenteric: stuck within the ___

___ drugs can cause ____

Myenteric plexus has a lot of opiate receptors

Opiates change __ ____ of the gut, so it doesn’t pass the bolus as quickly thru it.

A

•This plexus is found between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the outer muscle layers (muscularis externa) in the intestines.

–This chiefly controls the contraction of the two muscle layers.

Auerbach’s Plexas

http://www.leicabiosystems.com/pathologyleaders/an-introduction-to-routine-and-special-staining/

Ho A, Lievore A, Patierno S, Kohlmeier SE, Tonini M, Sternini C.

Neurochemically distinct classes of myenteric neurons express the mu-opioid receptor in the guinea pig ileum.

J Comp Neurol. 2003 Apr 14;458(4):404-11.

Myenteric: stuck within the muscle

Opiate drugs can cause constipation.

Myenteric plexus has a lot of opiate receptors

Opiates change muscle contractility of the gut, so it doesn’t pass the bolus as quickly thru it.

24
Q

Meissner’s Plexus.
Located in ____. These control __ __ and ___

Also known as the ____ plexus.

This is found in the submucosa mainly in the __ and__ ___

Responsible for the movement of the ___ ___and the ___ of glands in the ___ ___and of the ___ cells.

The following article reviews large animal intestine and emphasizes that there are two submucosal plexi in larger animals.

Timmermans JP, Hens J, Adriaensen D.

Outer submucous plexus: an intrinsic nerve network involved in both secretory and motility processes in the intestine of large mammals and humans.

Anat Rec. 2001 Jan 1;262(1):71-8.

Control blood flow and secreteion into the ___ of the GI tract

Wont get pics of this on the test. Hard to see

A

Meissner’s Plexus.
Located in submucosa. These control blood flow and secretion.

Also known as the submucosal plexus.

This is found in the submucosa mainly in the small and large intestines.

Responsible for the movement of the muscularis mucosae and the secretion

of glands in the lamina propria and of the epithelial cells.

The following article reviews large animal intestine and emphasizes that there are two submucosal plexi in larger animals.

Timmermans JP, Hens J, Adriaensen D.

Outer submucous plexus: an intrinsic nerve network involved in both secretory and motility processes in the intestine of large mammals and humans.

Anat Rec. 2001 Jan 1;262(1):71-8.

Control blood flow and secreteion into the villi of the GI tract

Wont get pics of this on the test. Hard to see

25
Q

Peripheral Nerves.

  • Peripheral nerves are composed of numerous ___ that are___ ___
  • These axons may be ___ or ____
  • They can be ___ and ___, which divide off near ___ ___
  • Small neurons generally have ____ axons while large neurons have ____ axons. Fastest conduction in large motor efferents (___ meters/sec).

Peripheral are a combo nerve.

Has motor and sensory fibers in it.

That’s football field in a sec.

A

Peripheral Nerves.

  • Peripheral nerves are composed of numerous axons that are grouped together.
  • These axons may be myelinated or non myelinated
  • They can be motor and sensory, which divide off near spinal cord.
  • Small neurons generally have unmyelinated axons while large neurons have myelinated axons. Fastest conduction in large motor efferents (100 meters/sec).

Peripheral are a combo nerve.

Has motor and sensory fibers in it.

That’s football field in a sec.

26
Q

Peripheral Nerves.

Sensory fibers in dorsal root ganglion projecting from the skin.

From skin projects into ____ ____.

Projects into ___ that have many fibers

Some fibrous coatings….epineruium going around, perineurium, endo

From buddle we see ___ ___ coming from Efferents projectign thru nerve bundle and projecting down onto muscle

A

Peripheral Nerves.

Sensory fibers in dorsal root ganglion projecting from the skin.

From skin projects into myelenated nerve.

Projects into bundles that have many fibers

Some fibrous coatings….epineruium going around, perineurium, endo

From buddle we see motor fibers coming from Efferents projectign thru nerve bundle and projecting down onto muscle

27
Q

Peripheral Fibers.

  • Each axon (___d or ___ ___d) is supported and maintained by ___ (glial) cells –
  • For non-myelinated nerves the glial cell may enclose __ or __ ___
  • The myelin in the myelin sheath is ___ in solvents used to ___ most tissues.
  • In a ___ and ___ stain an axon therefore appears to be surrounded by a ___ space. This is the original location of the ___
  • Nuclei are generally those of __ ___ or in the ___ may also be those of f____s that provide the __ ___ layers.

Myelin is mainly fatty material.

If we look at myelin.

If we dissolve all the lipids out and we will see a hole, gap, white space

A

Peripheral Fibers.

  • Each axon (myelinated or non myelinated) is supported and maintained by Schwann (glial) cells –
  • For non-myelinated nerves the glial cell may enclose one or more axons.
  • The myelin in the myelin sheath is soluble in solvents used to process most tissues.
  • In a hematoxylin and eosin stain an axon therefore appears to be surrounded by a clear space. This is the original location of the myelin.
  • Nuclei are generally those of glial cells or in the PNS may also be those of fibroblasts that provide the connective tissue layers.

Myelin is mainly fatty material.

If we look at myelin.

If we dissolve all the lipids out and we will see a hole, gap, white space

28
Q

Whole nerve myelinated nerves –
H and E.

A number of nuclei.

For the most part, these have nothing to do with nerve.

These are all the ___ cells,

Gaps: where myelin was dissolved out

Neurons in center of fibers projecting thru peripheral nerve

Epineurium going around outside

This is complex bundle of nerve fivers

A

Whole nerve myelinated nerves –
H and E.

A number of nuclei.

For the most part, these have nothing to do with nerve.

These are all the Supporting cells,

Gaps: where myelin was dissolved out

Neurons in center of fibers projecting thru peripheral nerve

Epineurium going around outside

This is complex bundle of nerve fivers

29
Q

New stain can differentiate between ___

and ___ fibers in a compound ___ (Only ___ fibers fluoresce red).

Xianyu Meng1, Laijin Lu2, Hu Wang3, Bin Liu2

Differentiation between the motor and sensory fascicles of the peripheral nerves from adult rats using annexin V-CdTe-conjugated polymer
Neurology India, 59 (3 ): 333-338, 2011.

Ganel A, Engel J, Rimon S.

Intraoperative identification of peripheral nerve fascicle. Use of a new rapid biochemical assay technique.

Orthop Rev. 1986 Oct;15(10):669-72.

In general there is no good way to tell bw the motor fibers and the sensory fibers in a bundle.

Motor vs sensory fibers in a bundle.

They found a way using ____

Developed a die that selectively stains for sensory cells vs. motor cells

Unstained: motor cells

Organization of motor cells in nerve when projected.

This is a ground breaking article.

A

New stain can differentiate between motor

and sensory fibers in a compound nerve. (Only sensory fibers fluoresce red).

Xianyu Meng1, Laijin Lu2, Hu Wang3, Bin Liu2

Differentiation between the motor and sensory fascicles of the peripheral nerves from adult rats using annexin V-CdTe-conjugated polymer
Neurology India, 59 (3 ): 333-338, 2011.

Ganel A, Engel J, Rimon S.

Intraoperative identification of peripheral nerve fascicle. Use of a new rapid biochemical assay technique.

Orthop Rev. 1986 Oct;15(10):669-72.

In general there is no good way to tell bw the motor fibers and the sensory fibers in a bundle.

Motor vs sensory fibers in a bundle.

They found a way using microdots.

Developed a die that selectively stains for sensory cells vs. motor cells

Unstained: motor cells

Organization of motor cells in nerve when projected.

This is a ground breaking article.

30
Q

Osmium Stained Peripheral Nerve.

In some preparations the myelin is rendered ____ by treatment with chemical such as ___ ___ The myelin in such preparations appears as ___ areas.

Connective tissue is generally ___ to pale ___ and nuclei are __ ___.

Arrow at Node of Ranvier.

Another way to look at nerves is using osmium. Traditional technique

If you stain with osmium tetroxide, You can see the myelin.

Nodes of Ranvier

RBC in a vessel

Sheaths are of different ____, Diff classes of nerves based on how thick the sheaths are

If we look at a large bundle nerve, there are whole bunch of myelenated and unmeylentated. Unmyelinated take up ___ space

Epineurium around whole bundle.

In indiv bundles we have perineureum

Around each cell we have an endoneureum

____ supporting this stuff

A

Osmium Stained Peripheral Nerve.

In some preparations the myelin is rendered insoluble by treatment with chemical such as osmium tetroxide. The myelin in such preparations appears as black areas.

Connective tissue is generally unstained to pale yellow and nuclei are not visible.

Arrow at Node of Ranvier.

Another way to look at nerves is using osmium. Traditional technique

If you stain with osmium tetroxide, You can see the myelin.

Nodes of Ranvier

RBC in a vessel

Sheaths are of different thickness. Diff classes of nerves based on how thick the sheaths are

If we look at a large bundle nerve, there are whole bunch of myelenated and unmeylentated. Unmyelinated take up less space

Epineurium around whole bundle.

In indiv bundles we have perineureum

Around each cell we have an endoneureum

CT supporting this stuff

31
Q

Connective Tissue Layers.

•The connective tissue aids in the separation of groups of ___s that are travelling to the same general areas, as well as __ ___ etc.

–Endoneurium – CT around an ___ ___

–Perineurium – CT around a ___ of ___

–Epineurium – CT surrounding ___ ___

A

Connective Tissue Layers.

•The connective tissue aids in the separation of groups of axons that are travelling to the same general areas, as well as blood vessels etc.

–Endoneurium – CT around an individual fiber.

–Perineurium – CT around a bundles of fibers (i.e. a fascicle).

–Epineurium – CT surrounding an entire nerve.

32
Q

Vascular support

•Damage to peripheral nerves or ___ ___ can lead to ___ ___

___ vascular supply to nerve.

What’s the point? Nerves need a __ ___ and if there is something wrong with it, the nerve will not ___ ___.

Vascular supply to peripheral nerve is very important

If you lay on your arm and it goes to sleep, you know that you didn’t get enough blood into your nerves.

Vascularity to a peripheral nerve has a spiral structure. It spirals down the nerve

If something happens to that vascularity, can get painful neuralgias

Just know that in long projecting neurons there are delicate capillaries. If something happens with capillaries you can have lots of trouble

If you jam injection in this, you will tear apart a bunch of stuff. You can produce chronic pain in your patienst

A

Vascular support

•Damage to peripheral nerves or perineural vasculature can lead to chronic pain

Spiral vascular supply to nerve.

What’s the point? Nerves need a blood supply and if there is something wrong with it, the nerve will not function normally.

Vascular supply to peripheral nerve is very important

If you lay on your arm and it goes to sleep, you know that you didn’t get enough blood into your nerves.

Vascularity to a peripheral nerve has a spiral structure. It spirals down the nerve

If something happens to that vascularity, can get painful neuralgias

Just know that in long projecting neurons there are delicate capillaries. If something happens with capillaries you can have lots of trouble

If you jam injection in this, you will tear apart a bunch of stuff. You can produce chronic pain in your patienst

33
Q

Central Nervous System.

•Composed of:

–____ – major portion of the brain.

–____

–___ __ and __ __

A

Central Nervous System.

•Composed of:

–Cerebrum – major portion of the brain.

–Cerebellum.

–Brains stem and Spinal cord.

34
Q

Central Nervous System.

•Grey matter: The ____

–___ ___ of neurons

–__ __

–____

–____ axons

•White matter: The ____

–____fibers

–Some ___ fibers

–___ cells.

A

Central Nervous System.

•Grey matter: The computer

–Cell bodies of neurons

–Glial cells

–Dendrites

–Unmyelinated axons

•White matter: The connections

–Myelinated fibers

–Some unmyelinated fibers

–Glial cells.

35
Q

Gray and White Matter Locations.

•Cerebrum and Cerebellum:

–Grey Matter – ___ portion of brain.

–White matter – ___ portion of brain.

•Spinal Cord:

–Grey Matter – ___ portion of spinal cord.

–White matter – ___ portion of spinal cord.

A

Gray and White Matter Locations.

•Cerebrum and Cerebellum:

–Grey Matter – outer portion of brain.

–White matter – inner portion of brain.

•Spinal Cord:

–Grey Matter – inner portion of spinal cord.

–White matter – outer portion of spinal cord.

36
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A= Unstained Whole Brain

B= Brain Slice showing gray matter (cell bodies), and white matter(Myelinated)

C= Stained section of 6 layered cortex

D=Cortex Pyramidal Cells Layer III-V-Brainbow Technique-

Brainbow Mouse: Knock in technique that places a __ ___ flourescent protein in cells helping ____ the indivudual nerours in dense neruopil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kpangakis/Non-synaptic_plasticity_draft

Example use of this technique:

Nat Methods. 2015 Jun;12(6):547-52. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3367. Epub 2015 Apr 27.

Multispectral labeling technique to map many neighboring axonal projections in the same tissue.

Tsuriel S1, Gudes S2, Draft RW3, Binshtok AM2, Lichtman JW3.

Brainbow Mouse: Knock in technique that places a random color flourescent protein in cells helping define the indivudual nerours in dense neruopil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kpangakis/Non-synaptic_plasticity_draft

If you slice thru the cerbral cortex you see there is a ____ rind around the myelinated fiber

If you look more closely you can see that grey structure of the brain is composed of many layers. It’s a ___ layered cortex.

When you have cells of this density its hard to follow

New technology:____ mouse

Genetic maniupulation of a mouse where you Turn on different layers of leucerferine____

Snap in the DNA for the color producing. Put a deal on it to randomly select the color it was gonna make. Stick it in DNA of the mouse

When mouse grows up it randomly colors of its ___ differently.

A

Cerebral Cortex

A= Unstained Whole Brain

B= Brain Slice showing gray matter (cell bodies), and white matter(Myelinated)

C= Stained section of 6 layered cortex

D=Cortex Pyramidal Cells Layer III-V-Brainbow Technique-

Brainbow Mouse: Knock in technique that places a random color flourescent protein in cells helping define the indivudual nerours in dense neruopil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kpangakis/Non-synaptic_plasticity_draft

Example use of this technique:

Nat Methods. 2015 Jun;12(6):547-52. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3367. Epub 2015 Apr 27.

Multispectral labeling technique to map many neighboring axonal projections in the same tissue.

Tsuriel S1, Gudes S2, Draft RW3, Binshtok AM2, Lichtman JW3.

Brainbow Mouse: Knock in technique that places a random color flourescent protein in cells helping define the indivudual nerours in dense neruopil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kpangakis/Non-synaptic_plasticity_draft

If you slice thru the cerbral cortex you see there is a Grey rind around the myelinated fiber

If you look more closely you can see that grey structure of the brain is composed of many layers. It’s a 6 layered cortex.

When you have cells of this density its hard to follow

New technology: Brainbow mouse

Genetic maniupulation of a mouse where you t

Turn on different layers of leucerferine GFP

Snap in the DNA for the color producing. Put a deal on it to randomly select the color it was gonna make. Stick it in DNA of the mouse

When mouse grows up it randomly colors of its cells differently.

37
Q

Cerebellum

A “___ ___” primarily controlling ___ function

___ ___ in cerebellum

  • A layer of very large ___ shaped cells in the cerebellum with a large number of ____
  • Each Purkinje cell ____ hundreds of thousands of excitatory and inhibitory impulses and ____ these.
  • Purkinje cells are the only cells of the cerebellum that ____ signals to the ___ ___.
  • Do not confuse these cells with Purkinje fibers in the heart.

Thought to be a motor center but it also has sensory and other effects

Pukinje cells: uber carrot

A

Cerebellum

A “little brain” primarily

controlling motor function

Purkinje Cells in cerebellum

  • A layer of very large flask shaped cells in the cerebellum with a large number of dendrites.
  • Each Purkinje cell receives hundreds of thousands of excitatory and inhibitory impulses and integrates these.
  • Purkinje cells are the only cells of the cerebellum that send signals to the outside brain.
  • Do not confuse these cells with Purkinje fibers in the heart.

Thought to be a motor center but it also has sensory and other effects

Pukinje cells: uber carrot

38
Q

Spinal Cord.

Grey matter in middle

Fiber tracts project from or to the brain

A

Spinal Cord.

Grey matter in middle

Fiber tracts project from or to the brain

39
Q

Gray and White Matter – Spinal Cord.

Cell body of motor neurons that project out to spinal cord out to the rest of the body.

All of these are Myelinated fibers

Some afferent some efferent

Most efferent

Clear zone around them (that’s where myelin was), treated for fixing and staining

A

Gray and White Matter – Spinal Cord.

Cell body of motor neurons that project out to spinal cord out to the rest of the body.

All of these are Myelinated fibers

Some afferent some efferent

Most efferent

Clear zone around them (that’s where myelin was), treated for fixing and staining

40
Q

Spinal Cord

  • The myelin is ____ in solvents used to process most tissues.
  • A axon therefore appears to be surrounded by a clear space. This is the original location of the myelin.
  • Nuclei are generally those of ___ cells.

–The darkly stained neurons have shrunk in this preparation, clear space around them is an artifact.

A

Spinal Cord

  • The myelin is soluble in solvents used to process most tissues.
  • A axon therefore appears to be surrounded by a clear space. This is the original location of the myelin.
  • Nuclei are generally those of glial cells.

–The darkly stained neurons have shrunk in this preparation, clear space around them is an artifact.