Skeletal System Flashcards
• Functions:
o ____
o ___ and _____
• Of various organs
o _____
o ____: ___ ____ ____
• Functions: o Movement o Support and Protection • Of various organs o Hematopoiesis o Storage: Ca, lipids, Iron
• Number of Bones
o Adult: ___ bones
o At Birth:____ bones
- A child’s skeleton is still developing
- A lot of our bones will fuse as we develop
• Number of Bones o Adult: 206 bones o At Birth: 300 bones • A child’s skeleton is still developing • A lot of our bones will fuse as we develop
• Divide skeleton into two parts:___ + ____
• Divide skeleton into two parts: Axial + Appendicular
• Axial skeleton:
o Like a ___ ___ holding up the 4 appendages
___
___
____
___
___
___
___
___
o Like a straight line holding up the 4 appendages Skull Hyoid Auditory Ossicles Ribs Sternum Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx
o Skull
- ___ bones • Will learn these later
- Frontal, Parietal, occipital, temporal, ___ ____
- Only moveable joint in the skull is ____!
- Mandible articulating with the__ ___
o Skull • 22 bones • Will learn these later • Frontal, Parietal, occipital, temporal, mandible, maxilla • Only moveable joint in the skull is TMJ! • Mandible articulating with the temporal bone
o Hyoid
- Little bone in the ____
- Below the ____
- Its name is derived from Greek hyoeides, meaning “__________”.
- Does ___ ____ with another___
- Most bones articulate with other bones for movement
____ structure for____
• Held in position by a bunch of muscles
o _____ muscles,____muscles
o It also anchors to the tongue
- Postmortem detection of hyoid fracture is relevant to the diagnosis of _____
- Dr. Michael Baden famous forensic pathologist says fracture more common in homicidal strangulations
o If someone is strangled and they die, normally they have hyoid bone fracture. That’s also what happens in hanging
o Hyoid • Little bone in the neck • Below the mandible • Its name is derived from Greek hyoeides, meaning “shaped like the letter upsilon (υ)”. • Does not articulate with another bone • Most bones articulate with other bones for movement • Anchoring structure for tongue • Held in position by a bunch of muscles o Superhyoid muscles, infrahyoid muscles o It also anchors to the tongue • Postmortem detection of hyoid fracture is relevant to the diagnosis of strangulation • Dr. Michael Baden famous forensic pathologist says fracture more common in homicidal strangulations o If someone is strangled and they die, normally they have hyoid bone fracture. That’s also what happens in hanging
o Auditory Ossicles
- In the ___
- 3 tiny bones in middle ear
___ ___ ____
o Auditory Ossicles • In the ear • 3 tiny bones in middle ear • Malleus • Incus • Stapes
o Ribs
• We have our ribs and ___ ___
o Ribs • We have our ribs and costal cartilages
o Sternum
• ___: Chest Plate at top
____: middle
___ ____: Little piece at bottom (triangular)
• This is what you don’t want to break doing___
o Sternum • Manubrium: Chest Plate at top • Body: middle • Xiphoid Process: Little piece at bottom (triangular) • This is what you don’t want to break doing CPR
o Vertebrae (___ ____ ___)
- Vertebral column extending down to ___ and ___
- ___ Vertebrae: Top
- ____ Vertebrae: Middle
- ____ Vertebrae: Bottom
- Each vertebrae composed of
- ___
- ____
- ___
- Central area is vertebral canal. ___ ___ goes down here
o Spinal cord is protected by ___ of ___ all the way skull to lower vertebrae
o Vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) • Vertebral column extending down to sacrum and coccyx • Cervical Vertebrae: Top • Thoracic Vertebrae: Middle • Lumbar Vertebrae: Bottom • Each vertebrae composed of • Body • Pedicles • Spine • Central area is vertebral canal. Spinal cord goes down here o Spinal cord is protected by ring of bone all the way skull to lower vertebrae
o Sacrum
- Articulate with __ ___
- Numerous ___ ___ together
o Sacrum • Articulate with lumbar vertebrae • Numerous fused vertebrae together
o Coccyx
- Tiny piece at the ___
- ___of axial skeleton
o Coccyx • Tiny piece at the bottom • End of axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
______
_____
_____
______
Upper and Lower Limbs Pectoral Girdle Pelvic Girdle
o Upper limbs
- ____
- Arm bone
- ____
- Forearm
- On the thumb side
- ____
- Forearm
- ____
- Little Wrist bones
- _____
- Little Long bones
- _____
- Finger bones
o Upper limbs • Humerus • Arm bone • Radius • Forearm • On the thumb side • Ulna • Forearm • Carpals • Little Wrist bones • Metacarpals • Little Long bones • Phalanges • Finger bones
o Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
- Attaches__ ___ to axial skeleton
- ____
- 2
- Triangular Bone
- ____
- 2
o Pectoral (shoulder) girdle • Attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton • Scapula • 2 • Triangular Bone • Clavicle • 2
o Lower limbs
- ____
- Thigh
____ and____ bone of the body
____: knee cap, ___ bone
_____
- Little tiny bone on the lateral side of lower leg
- Means lateral in Latin
- ____
- Lower Leg bone
____
- Ankle bones
- ____
- _____
- Bones of the toe
o Lower limbs • Femur • Thigh • Largest and longest bone of the body • Patella: knee cap, sesamoid bone • Fibula • Little tin bone on the lateral side of lower leg • Means lateral in Latin • Tibia • Lower Leg bone • Tarsals • Ankle bones • Metatarsals • Phalanges • Bones of the toe
o Pelvic girdle
- Attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton
- Pelvis (___, ___ ,____)
___ ___ that was originally 3 bones
• 2 pieces join together at ___ ____
o Pelvic girdle • Attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton • Pelvis (ischium, ilium, pubis) • Fused bone that was originally 3 bones • 2 pieces join together at pubic symphysis
Types of Bone
___
___
___
___
___
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
o Long: eg: ____
- Discuss only a typical long bone at this point. Later, other bone types will be discussed.
- Continue to ____ until adolescence
- ____ bones, ___ and ____ are little long bones
o Long: eg: humerus • Discuss only a typical long bone at this point. Later, other bone types will be discussed. • Continue to grow until adolescence • Appendage bones, Metatarsals, Metacarpels are little long bones
o Short: ___
- Only in ___ (____) and ___ (___)
- Example:____ • One of the bones of the____
o Short: trapezoid • Only in foot (tarsals) and wrist (carpals) • Example: Scaphoid • One of the bones of the wrist
o Flat:
- ____, _____, ____, ____ bones: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
- Fcn _____
- Bones of the skull, the sternum, and the scapula
o Flat: • Sternum, manubrium, scapula, skull bones: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal • Protection • Bones of the skull, the sternum, and the scapula
o Irregular:
- _____ bones, ____, ____, ___ ____
- ____ Bone: in the____ of the skull
- Some bones can be in multiple categories
o Irregular: • Facial bones, vertebrae, scapula, maxilla, mandible • Sphenoid Bone: in the middle of the skull • Some bones can be in multiple categories
o Sesamoid:
• Protect ____ from___ and____
Very few
- ____ in the knee o Embedded in tendon of the ____
- ___ in the tendon of the ___ ___
o Sesamoid: • Protect tendons from wear and tear • Very few • Patella in the knee o Embedded in tendon of the quadriceps • 2 in the tendon of the big toe
• Bone Markings and Formations
o Will learn these later!
o ____ of tendons, ligaments, and fascia
o The___ of a tendon
o ____ passing by or through
• Bone Markings and Formations o Will learn these later! o Attachment of tendons, ligaments, and fascia o The passage of a tendon o Arteries passing by or through
