Neuroplasticity & Learning (unfinished) Flashcards

(30 cards)

1
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

-neural capacitty to alter brain function, neurotransmitters and structure
-memory and learning
-healing from damage

Mechanisms: habituation, new experiences, recovery after injury

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2
Q

Learning

A

-change in behavior from knowledge and practice
-process of acquisition

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3
Q

Memory

A

-process that knowledge is encoded, stored and recalled
-product of learning

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4
Q

Motor Learning

A

-learning new strategies from moving
-permanent changes in behavior
-increases activity of thalamocortical pathways
-parallel pathways aid in efficiency and redundancy

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5
Q

Performance

A

-temporary change in motor behavior

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6
Q

Habituation

A

-simple form of neuroplasticity
-supression of repetitive non-noxious stimuli
-after rest, response can be ilicited to same stimulus

Short term: changes in neurotransmitter and concentration of Ca

Long term: repeated stimulation causeing structural changes

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7
Q

Sensitization

A

-strengthening response to stimuli preceded by noxious stimuli
-more complex than habituation
-alters K+ allowing longer AP and more neurotransmitter

Long term: increased strength of existing, new proteins, new synapses, modified current synapses

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8
Q

Assoociative Learning

A

-person can predict association
-conditioning
-2 neurons activated causes protein altering

Long term: new protein synthesis with formation fo new synapses

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9
Q

Classic Conditioning

A

-1 stimulus to another
-weak stumulus and response paired with stronger stimulus
-pavlov

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10
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

-behavior to consequences
-trial and error: behavior shaped by internal throughts and motivation
-consequences: reinforcement to strengthen behavior and punishment to weaken

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11
Q

Implicit Procedural Learning

A

-skills and habits
-must be performed by learner
-basal ganglia loops

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12
Q

Explicit Learning

A

-coonscioous processes with end product of acquiring knowledge
-prefrontal cortex, limbic

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13
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

-similar to pottentiation
-requires stimuli at the same location
-weak is facilitatied if stimulated in ass with stronger (associativity, specificity and cooperativity (pre and post working together))
-increased neurotransmitter

Shorter term: functional changes only
Long term: protein synthesis

Hippocampus and temporal lobe for spatial memory that can be verbalized

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14
Q

Long Term Depression

A

-similar to habituation
-acticate weak synapses

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15
Q

Specificity

A

-only highly actice will exibit LTP
-selective memory

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16
Q

Cooperativity

A

-requires >1 neuron working togetther
-pre and post together

17
Q

Associativity

A

-contributing fibers and post synaptic cells working together

18
Q

Implicit and explicit memory

A

-can shift between each
-used in most learning activities

19
Q

Early Cognitive Phase

A

-high attention
-activation inc then dec in dorsolateral PFC, sensorimotor coorticies, parietal and cerebellum
-sesnory feedback
-performance witth rapid improvement

20
Q

Associative Phase

A

-motor/sensory apthways active but less
-inc in cerebellar activity and basal ganglia
-executive function needed
-new skills, compare results
-refine skill
-slower improvements

21
Q

Autonomous Stage

A

-primary cortex remains activice but decreased
-more automatic basal ganglia
-increased accuracy
-stable performance

22
Q

Brain Injury

A

-cell death causes <excitotoxicity <release glutamate < destroy post synaptic neurons < increased Ca and K < more glycolysis needed < breaking down cell < cellular inflammation from arachidonic acid < free radicals < cellular edema

23
Q

Axonal Injury

A

injury < axons retract away < wallerian degeneration < distal segment dies < glial cells clean up < cell body degenerates through chromatolysis < post synaptic cell may die

24
Q

Axon Injury Regrowth

A

Sprouting: new branch of intact axon

Collateral sprouting: neighbo r neuron reinnervates

Regenerative sprouting: damaged neuron sends new sorts to new target

Schwann cells regrow axon 1mm/day, exercise day 5 helps

-PNS

25
Diffuse Axonal Injury
-DAI -TBI from high velocity injuries cause widespread tearing -CNS
26
Neurite Outgrowth inhibitor
-NOGO -glial scars revent aconal regeneration in CNS
27
Cell Body Death
-always causes neuron death
28
Synaptic Changes after Injury
Recovery of synaptic effectivenss -resolution of edema Denervation hypersensitivity -increased post synaptic receptors Synaptic Hypereffectiveness -presynaptic terminals are damaged and post receive it all Unmasking of silent synapses
29
Principles of Plasticity
1. Use it or lose it 2. Use and improve it 3. Specificity 4. Repetition matters 5. Intensity matters 6. Time Matters: work at diff times 7. Salience Matters: meaningful tasks 8. Age 9. Transference: can enhance aquisition of similar behaviors 10. Interference: one experience can interfere with another behavior
30
Voluntary Movement 3 Phases
Target identification: post parietal cortex Planning of action: premotor areas of frontal cortex Execution of action: primary motor