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Neuroanatomy > Sensory & Pain > Flashcards

Sensory & Pain Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

3 Neuron Pathways

A

1st: sensory receptor to SC or BS
2nd: SC or BS to thalamus
3rd: Thalamus to cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

-when applied to a receptor, triggers graded membrane potential
-determines type of receptors activated

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3
Q

Receptor

A

-converts stimulus into AP
-specialized and responds only to specific stimulus type and intensity

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4
Q

Conduction

A

AP travels to CNS

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5
Q

Translation

A

CNS receives, integrates info, prepares response

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6
Q

Receptor Morphology

A

-different shapes/functions of receptors

Simple Receptors: unmyelinated, free nerve endings

Complex Neural receptors: myelinated, nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue

Special Senses Receptors: Myelinated, release neurotransmitters onto sensory neurons

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7
Q

Special Senses Receptors

A

-somatic: tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive
-Visceral: internal organs

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8
Q

Specialized Senses Receptors

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance

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9
Q

Exteroceptors

A

-near body surface
-external stimuli

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10
Q

Interoceptors

A

-deep
- comes from body
-BP, blood pH, proprioception

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11
Q

Nociceptors

A

-occur in all receptors that are sensitive to stimuli that either damage or have damage potential
-can take a scenic route instead of going to the brain

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12
Q

Proprioceptors

A

-muscles, tendons, ligaments, tendons
-position and kinesthetic sense

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13
Q

Photoreceptors

A

-vision

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14
Q

Tonic Receptors

A

-respond continuously if stimulus remains
-slow adapting
-detect object pressure (static)

Book laying on hand

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15
Q

Phasic Receptors

A

-adapt to continuous stimulus and then stop responding even with stimulus
-fast adapting
-motion, vibration, rate of change

Wearing glasses, clothing on body

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16
Q

Afferent Axon diameter decreasing diameter

A

Ia, Ib, II, III, IV
AB, ADelta, C

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17
Q

Sensory neuron receptive field

A

-area of skin innervated by 1 afferent nerve
-smaller fields with greater densiy distally, more sensitivity
-larger fields proximally, less sensitivity

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18
Q

Cutaneous Receptors

A

Superficial, subcutaneous, mechanoreceptors (AB), Free nerve endings (Adelta & C)

-all go to the same peripheral nerve bundle

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19
Q

Superficial Cutaneous Receptors

A

-small receptive field, epidermis and dermal palpalae
-Meisner’s Corpuscles: light touch, vibration (superficial)
-Merkel’s Discs: pressure (deeper)

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20
Q

Subcutaneous Cutaneous Receptors

A

-large receptive field, dermis
-Pacinian Corpuscle: touch, vibration (deeper)
-Ruffini’s ending: stretch (more superficial)

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21
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

-light touch, vibration, stretch, pressure
- AB fibers

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22
Q

Free nerve endings

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A

-ADelta & C fibers
-course touch, pain, temperature

23
Q

Conduction

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A

-3rd step of sensory system

Determinants:
-Modality: specialized stimulation
-Location
-Intensity: # and frequency of activated receptors
-Duration

24
Q

Signal Integration

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A

3 Levels
-Receptor Level: normal receptor/stimulus interaction; more stimulus more reaction
-Circuit level
-Perceptual Level

25
Circuit Level of Sensory Integration
-Divergence: synapses spread AP to several areas of CNS -Convergence: synapses can focus action potentials from several sensory neurons on narrowed area
26
Perceptual Level of Sensory Integration
-sensory tract caries impulse to respective region of the brain -testing comes in to determine what level of integration is faulty
27
Nerve Conduction Velocity Tresting
Electrical stimulation to peripheral nerves (NCV) Looks at -Distal latency: time from stimulation to distal recording sight (testing myelination) -Amplitude: # of axons conducting -Conduction Velocity: indication of myelin Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) -tests peripheral and central pathways stimulation at distal sight recording proximally
28
Clinical Implications : Peripheral Nerve Lesions
-neuropathy -Nerve compression: large first then small Order of sensory loss -proprioception and light tough -cold -fast pain -heat -slow pain
29
Clinical Implications : Sensory Ataxia
-injury to dorsal column, roots, or nerves -EC vs EO testing Cerebellar: cannot adapt, same with EC/EO, intact proprioception Sensory: can adapt with EO/EC, impaired proprioception
30
Clinical Implications : Varicella Roster
-Shingles -painful rash in dermatome pattern -chicken pox remains dormant in sensory ganglia then travel to nerve endings
31
Nociceptive Pain
-acute or chronic tissue injury stimulates nociceptors to become perception of pain
32
Non-Nociceptive pain
-malfunction of neural pain without the presence of injury -neuropathic pain, central sensitivity, pain syndromes
33
Pain Control
Central Processing: -cingulate and insula during perception of pain Endogenous Opioids: -endorphins bind to opiate receptors Spinal Cord: -inhibitory neurons -enkephalin and dynorphin Segmental Level of Control: -Gate control theory -non nociceptive fibers closes a gate for nociceptive fibers
34
Pain inhibition
Periphery: decreases prostaglandins Dorsal Horn: release enkephalin or dynorphin Brainstem: descending system Hormonal System: pituitary gland and periaqueductal grey Cortical Level: prefrontal, insular, and cingulate lobes -spinolimbic, spinomesencephslic, and spinoreticular tracts
35
Referred Pain
-visceral tissues to skin -convergence of nociceptive and somatic info
36
Chronic Pain
Disease (Primary pain): -no biological function or tissue damage Ex: fibromyalgia, migraines Symptom (secondary pain): -symptom of another condition -continuous stimulation of nociceptors from tissue injury -even after healing -damage to somatosensory system
37
Central Sensitization
-CNS responds excessively to continuing nociceptive input -cause changes to cells reactiveness -pain top-down regulation disturbed
38
Paresthesia
-abnormal sensation -dysfunction of neurons
39
Neuropathic Pain
-pain from direct lesion or disease -Dysesthesias
40
Dysesthesias
- abnormal sensation that can occur on it's own or from stimulation Allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain, temporal summation
41
Allodynia
pain caused by something that normally doesn't cause pain
42
Hyperalgesia
-Primary: excessive sensitivity to normal pain -Secondary: pain spreads to uninjured areas
43
Spontaneous Pain
pain unrelated to external stimulus
44
Temporal Summation
-increased pain due to repeated stimulus
45
Fibromyalgia
-tenderness and stiffness of muscles and tissues -widespread pain -increased pain without stimuli
46
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
-not related to nerve or nerve root distribution -affects distal limb -abnormal response to trauma -central sensitization with functional changes in brain Sx: red or pale skin, edema, stiff joints, muscle atrophy, tremors
47
Nonspecific Low Back Pain
-no specific injury -muscle guarding and abnormal movements
48
Ectopic Foci
-cause pain -outside of nociceptors and become unmyelinated, increasing sensitivity to stimuli
49
Ephaptic Transmission
-Cross Talk -lack of insulation due to demyelination that allows 1 action potential to affect more than 1 neuron -cause for allodynia
50
Structural Reorganization
-long term central sensitization causes CNS rewiring -new synapses carry more nociceptive information
51
Small Fiber Neuropathy
Partial central sensitization cause by : -post-herpetic neuralgia: shingles -diabetes -gulliain barre syndrome (polyneuropathies)
52
Phantom Limb Sensations
-sensations related to posture, length, and movement of missing limb Residual Limb Pain: -easier to treat then Phantom limb pain Phantom Limb Pain: -absence of sensory inputs causing nociceptors to be overactive
53
PT Clinical Implication
-considered psychosocial aspects of chronic pain -Consider: distress, disuse, and disability

Neuroanatomy (29 decks)

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