New Final Info Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Cognition
A
-ability to turn external timulation to internal motivation
-identify stimui and respond
2
Q
Association Corticies Inputs
A
-projections from primary and secondary sensory and motor, thalamus, BS
3
Q
Association Corticies Outputs
A
-hippocampus, BG, cerebellum, thalamus
4
Q
Temporoparietal Association Cortex
A
-cognitive intelligence
5
Q
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Areas
A
-self awareness
-executive function
-goal setting
-plans
6
Q
Medial Dorsal Prefrontal Areas
A
-perceives other’s emotion making assumptions
-medial and superior
7
Q
Ventral Pefrontal Cortex
A
-connects mood and affects
-medial and inferior
8
Q
Frontal Lobe Syndromes: Executive Dysfuntion and Loss of Willpower
A
-Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex < Caudate < GP < Thalamus
-Difficulty planning, initiating, maintaing behavior
9
Q
Frontal Lobe Syndromes: Disinhibition, irritability, and Impulsiveness
A
Orbital Cortex < Caudate < Substantia Nigra < Thalamus
-Social judgement, inappropriate behaviors
10
Q
Frontal Lobe Syndromes: Apathy
A
Ventral Prefrontal Cortex < Ventra Striatum < Ventral Pallidum < Thalamus
-Apathetic and lack insight
11
Q
Frontal Lobe Syndromes: Paranoia, Delusions
A
Medial Dorsal prefrontal Cortex < Ventral Striatum < Ventral Pallidum < Thalamus
-Undrstanding others emotions and beliefs and intentions
12
Q
Hemispheric Localization & Lateralization
A
-reduce connection times
-R hand dominance and left
-lateralization occurs at 3-4
13
Q
Dominant Hemisphere
A
-usually Left
-motor planning
-math: sequence, analytic calc
-Music: sequential, analytic skill
-Sense of direction: following directions
14
Q
Nondominant Hemiphere
A
-usually R
-visual spatial analysis and attention
-Math: estimate quantities
-Music: untrained musicians, complex performance
-Sense of direction: navigating using spatial orientation/awareness
15
Q
Disconnection Syndromes
A
-leisons to white matter disrupting connections between cortical areas
Ex: conduction aphasia, corpus callosotomy (split brain procedure for epilepsy)
16
Q
Consciousness System
A
-medial and lateral frontoparietal association cortex and arousal circuits of upper brainstem and diencephalon
-AAA: alertness, attention, Awareness
17
Q
AAA
A
Alertness: normal functioning of brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits
Attention: functioning of brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits and processing frontoparietal association cortex
Awareness: subjective experiences, combine higher order systems, poorly understood
18
Q
Reticular Formation
A
-in tegmentum and runs through entire brainstem
Midbrain and Upper Pons: continuous with nuclei diencephalon rostrally, conscious state in forebrain
Pons and Medulla: conntinuous with intermediate zone SC caudally for motor, reflex and autonomic functions
19
Q
Reticular Acticating System
A
-in upper brainstem-diencephalic junction where lesion can cause coma with multiple interconnected arousal systems acting in parallel to keepp consciousness
Coma from:
-lesion in rostral RF and related structures
-Massive damage damage tto B cerebral cortex
-Damage to B thalamus
-more caudal or ventrtal don’t cause coma
20
Q
Maintenance of Alertness
A
-BS noreinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, ACH, RF w/ glutamate projections
-Posterior hypothalamic neurons
-Basal forebrain
21
Q
Attention
A
-brain processes that allocate resources to what matters
-frontoparietal assoxiatiooon cortex
-anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, limbic structures
Sustained: viligance, concentration, non distractibility
Switching: change from one task to the other
Selective: able to focus on more than 1
Divided: by performind 2 or more tasks
22
Q
Dominant Side Language
A
-Comprehension: wernicke’s, left side
-Motor Planning and production: Broca’s, left
-Angular Gyrus: connected to wernicke’s for comprehending spoken and written language
23
Q
Non-Dominant Side Language
A
-Wernicke’s equivalent on R side: comprehends emotional or tone of voice and facial expressions
-Broca’s equivalent on R side: use of different tones and gestures of communication
24
Q
Wernicke’s Aphasia
A
-can form words but do not make longical sense as a language
25
Broca's Aphasia
-understands what they want to say but cannot find the words
26
Logorrhea
-excessive wordiness and repetiveness
27
Verbal Perservation
-repetittive spoken words
28
Confabulation
-patient generates a false memory without the intention of deceit
29
Alexia/Dyslexia
-rerading disorders
30
Agraphia
-inability to right
31
Dysarthria
-difficulty speaking because the muscles you use for speech are weak
32
H.O.M.E
-Homeostasis
-Olfaction
-Memory
-Emotional drives
33
Limbic Cortex
-corpus callosum
-cingulate
-uncus
-parahippocampal gyrus
-temporal pole
-medial orbitofrontal gyrus
-insula
-hippocamppus
-amygdala
34
Olfaction
-olfactory n. < olfactory bulb < olfactory tract < primary olfactory cortex < amygdala < olfactory tubercle
35
Working Memory
-short term storage and handling info
-goal relevant
-need for language, prooblem solving, reasoning, multi tasking
-lateral prefrontal cortex
-temporparietal ass cortex
36
Declarative Memory
-memories that can be verbalized (explicit memory)
-recongnizes memory for longer term storage
-not stored in medial temporal lobe
-starts in thlamus selecting inut from temporoparietal ass cortex, encoded into med temporal lobe
1. Encoding: processing, enhanced by attentiveness, arousal, reviewing
2. Consolidation: stabilization of memories
-synapses through long term pootentiatioon (min-hr)
-systemic through med temporal lobe (min-decade)
3. Retrieval
37
Declarative Memory: Lobes
Medial Temporal Lobe:
-hippocampus
-fornix: connects hippocampus to mammilary bodies and thalamus
-parahippocampal gyrus
-activated <12yrs
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex:
-voluntary control over medial temp in processing and organizing
-access stored info
-analyzes language
-Retrieval: searches and verifies encooded memories in med temporal
-activated 13+yrs
38
Episodic Declarative Memory
-personal events
39
Semantic Declarative Memory
-learned common knowledge unrelated to personal events
40
Procedural Memory
-implicit or nonconscious
-harder to verbalize
-learned skills or habits
-perceptual skills
Learning Motor sequence: motor and parietal cortices and striatum
Learned Mmt sequence: sup motor areas and putamen/GP
1. Cognitive
2. Associative
3. Automatic
41
Amnesia
-loss of declarative memory
42
Retrograde Amnesia
-looses memories prior to injury
-can create new memories
43
Anterograde Amnesia
-looses memories after injury
-post traumatic amnesia
-cannot create new mems
44
Separation of Procedural and Declarative
-allow ppl to learn subconsciously w/o remembering learning
-encodes enough info to be able to form mems
45
Remote Memory
-long term memory
46
Goal Directed Behavior
-make goal, plan, execute, monitor plan
Lateral PFC: goal directed behavior and working memory
-inhibits bad behavior
-formulates posibilities
Lateral PFC < head of caudate < GPe and PGi < Thalamus
47
Emotion
-short term subjective experience
-can influence perceptions and actions
-can trigger physiologic responses
48
Mood
-enduring subjectiv eongoing emotional experience
49
Emotion Structures
-amygdala
-Medial prefrontal cortex
-thalamus: sadness and depression
-anterior insula: awareness of feelings and internal stimuli
-emotion loop BG
Medial PFC < ventral striatum < thalamus
50
Amygdala
-produces fear, disgust
-interprets social signals
-important for social behavior and emotional learning
51
Emotional Regulation
Automatic: subconscious, ignoring, leaving
Voluntary: conscious, choosing to control emotions
52
Social Behavior
-ventral PFC
-connects with regions ass with mood
-steers behaviors and inhibits undesireable, activates ANS
Ventral PFR < Head caudate < Sub nigra < thalamus
-detects relevant info, self control, understands social disapproval (self awareness)
53
Affect vs Mood
-mood: feeling
-affect: what i'm showing
54
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
-gut feelings
55
Emotional/Social Intelligence
-ventral premotor
-amygdala
-ant insula
56
Stress Response
-disruption of 3 systems
-restores after response but can linger due to feelings/thinking
-Somatic: motor neurons increase tension
-ANS: sympathetic activity sends blood flow to muscles and reduces central
-Neuroendoocrine sys: adrenal medulla to release epi
57
Loss of Goal Directed Behavior
-lack of initiation and follow through
-seen as uncooperative or noncompliant
58
Apathy
-lack of emotion and insight
-may not care to eat or drink
59
Emotional Labile
-uncontrolled crying or laughing
-impaired reg of social behaviors
-delusion, mania, depression, anxiety
60
Personality
Extraversion: ventral PFR
Neurotocism: amygdala, cingulate, medial PFC, hippocampus
Agreeableness: temporoparietal ass, cingulate
Conscientiousness: lateral PFR
61
Intellect
-develop concepts into reason
62
Function of ANS
-homeostasis and reproduction (HR, breathing)
-activity of internal organs (metabolism, digestion)
-activity of blood vessels
-Reflexes
63
Overview of ANS
-Mostly efferent axons not under conscious control of glands, muscles
-afferent carry info from organs to CNS
-controlled by hypothalamus
SNS: T1-L3
PNS: BS, S2-S4
64
ANS Flow of Info
Visceral/Vascular receptors < Limbic sys, hypothalamus, RF, SC < SNS, PNS, Hormones
65
ANS Receptors
Mechanoreceptors:
-BP in aorta, carotid sinus, lungs
-Stretch in veins, bladder, intestines
Chemoreceptors:
-02 in carotid and aortic bodies
-H/Co2 in medulla
-GLucose/electrolytes in hypthal
Nociceptors:
-damage to tissue walls and viscera
Thermoreceptors:
-changes in blood temp in hypthal
-external changes to skin
66
ANS Afferent Pathways
-enter through SC
Visceral Afferents: ascending neurons to BS, Hypthal, thalamus
-CN 7 & 9 Taste
-CN 9 & 10 Viscera: into solitary nucleus of medulla and pons
Visceral Nocicepive: nociceptive tracts relating to referred pain
-cause muscle guarding
67
BS control of ANS
Medulla: regulation through autonomic efferents in SC and vagus n
-HR, RR, vasoconstrictionn/dilation
Pons: respiration
68
Diencephalon and limbic role in ANS
-modulation of BS autonomic control
-hypothal
-most visceral input to thalamus is through limbic system
69
Divisions of ANS
Main:
-SNS: fight or flight
-PNS: rest and digest
Enteric NS: in gut for GI secretions and digestion
70
Cholinergergic Neurotransmitters
-acetylcholine
-all preganglionic neurons on ANS
-PNS post ganglionic neurons
71
Adrenergic Neurotransmitters
-Norepineophrine: most SNS postganglionic neurons
-Epinephrine: adrenal medulla
*dopamine is precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine*
72
Preganlionic FIbers
-AB fibers
-neuron from CNS to ganglion
-acetylcholine
73
Postganglionic FIbers
-C fibers
-neuron from ganglion to effector organ
-acetylcholine (PNS) or norepinephrine (SNS)
74
Sympathetic NS (pre/post)
Preganglionic Neurons: cell bodies in lateral horn (T1-L3) exit through ventral root
-synapse w/ post neuron in communicating ramus (acetylcholine)
Postganglionic Neurons:
1. Cell bodies in sympathetic trunk to innervate smooth muscle and glands
2. Unpaired cells in ganglia < segmental spinal ganglia < abdominal and reproductive organs
- travel longer distances and closer to organs
75
Sympathetic NS Efferents
Efferents to Body:
-1 to adrenal medulla
- 2 tracts to periphery and viscera via paravertebral ganglion
- 2 tracts to abdominal and pelvic organs via paravertebral ganglion
*T5-L2 pass through trunk w/o synapsing*
Efferents to Head:
-originaes in hypothal and synapses in upper thoracic
-preganlionic fibers from upper throacic to cervical (stellate) ganglia via SNS trunk
76
SNS Function
-promote circulation to organs (increased SNS constricts, decreased dilates)
-fight or flight (dilation to muscles/lungs, contriction to gut, increase BP, BV, glucose)
-body temp regulation (sweating, goosebumps, dilation of skin BV)
77
Parasympathetic NS
-from BS to sacral cord lateral horns (S2-S4) < to end organs
-ganglia not interconnected like SNS
Preganlionic Neurons:
-BS Nuclei: CN 3 Edinger Westphal nuc, CN 7 superior salivatory nuc (lacrimal glands), CN 9/10 inferior salivatory nuc and nucleus ambiguus (salivary glands), CN 10 dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (heart, lungs, GI)
Lateral Horn S2-S4:
-pelvic nerves to B/B and external genitalia
78
PNS Function
-BS: rest and digest (constriction of pupils/lungs, decreased HR, digestion, glycogen synth)
-Sacral: regulates emtying of B/B and erection of penis and clitoris
79
SNS and PNS Synergy
-some actions are balanced by both systems
-some SNS activities controlling limbs and fac are not countered by PNS
-pupil contriction by PNS not countered by SNS
80
Breathing Rhythm Generator
-ant medulla blances arousal vs calm
-locus coeruleus responsible for arousal and alertness
-slow breathing inhibits locus c
81
Freeze, Fight, Flight
Freeze:
-co activation for SNS and PNS to prepare for action and optimize perception of threat
-amygdala recognizes threat < hypothal and ant medulla stimulate SNS < amygdala activates PNS for vagus to decrease HR and medulla to inhibit muscle contractions
Fight/Flight: PNS output decreases and SNS increases
82
Horner's Syndrome
lesion of SNS preganglionic n to face ipsi, decreases adrenergic activation of nociceptors
-ptosis: droopy eyelid
-enopthalmos: sunken eye
-miosis: constricted pupil
-imaired sweating
-skin vasodilation (redness)
83
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
-SNS efferents affect circulation, breathing, sweating in area
84
SC Injuries
-depends on level and completeness
Complete in lumbar:
-B/B and sexual function
Complete injuries above T5
-homeostasis and temp, BP control
-Autonomic dysreflexia
85
Autonomic Dysreflexia
-irritantt below level of lesion causes ascending sympathetic unable to reach brain foor inhibition of BP
-contriction of BV and rapid BP increase
-skin below lesion is pale, above is red
-HR slows
-must induce orthostatic hypotension and check irriant
-cannot be stopped once it starts
86
Brainstem Injuries
-impaires efferent control of BP, HR, R
-dysfunction of CN nuclei
87
Cerebral injuries
-damage to nuclei in hypothal interferes with homeostasis
88
Orthostatic Hypotension
-decrease of 20 systolic and 10 diastolic, increased HR
-pooling of blood in limbs
-baroreceptor reflex to contric arteries
-fainting can be gravity reduced
Cause:
SCI, parkinson's, neuropathy
89
Syncope
-fainting fom lack of blood flow to brain
Neural reflecive:
-emotional distress or pain or pressure on carotid sinus
-Vasovagal: medulla inhibits SNS and reduces HR
Orthostatic hypotension
Cardiac: arrhythmias or structure
90
Peripheral Vestibular System
-Vestibular Apparatus
-Semicircular Canals
-Otolithic Organs
91
Central Vestibular System
Pathways: vestib ganglion < vestib nuclei
-Medial longitudinal fasciculus
-Vestibulospinal tracts (med/lat)
-Vestibulocolic
-Vestibulothalamocortical
-Vestibulocerebellar
-Vestibulorecticular
Vestibulocerebellum
Vestibulocortex
Vestibib Nuc
92
Vestibular Apparatus
Semicircular Canals: ant, pos, horizontal
-each with an ampulla
Otolithic Organs: utricle, Saccule
Membranous Labyrinth
-separated by perilymph fluid
-filled with endolymph
-hair receptor cells bend with mmt
93
Semicircular Canals
-Ampulla that contains a crista with a cupula (gelatanous structure containing hair)
-hairs constanly fire AP when at rest and with head mmts to give information about the body in space
-only actively move during rotation of head
Horizontal: head rotation (no)
Ant and Post: pitch and roll (yes)
-R and L Posterior and anterior work in same plane
Ex: Turn to the L, L endolymph shifts toward kinocilium (activating), R endolymph shifts away froom kinocilium
94
Otolith Organs
Urtricle and Saccule: membranous sac that responds to linear acceleration/decceleration
-have a macula that contains hair cells embedded in a gelatinous mass with microscopic cristals (otoliths) on top
-displacement of otoliths sttimulate neurons
Uricle: Horizontal mmt
Saccule: vertical mmt
95
Cervical-Ocular Reflex
-postural adjustments of head in response to SCC
-substitution for VOR when absent
96
Vestibulo-Spinal Reflex
-postural tone and adjustments of the body for balance while maintaining equilibrium
97
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus
-Bilateral connections to extraocular eye muscles and superior colliculus
98
Cerebello-Thalamocortical Pathways
-ascending pathway
-lateral and superior vestib colliculi < thalamus < posterior parietal cortex
99
Vestibular System Function
-provides CNS info of head and body
-stable visiono while head is moving
-internal refernce to determine appropriateness of sensory info
100
Vestibulo Occular Reflex
-head and eyes move in diff direction to maintain view
-opp lateral rectus activate to move eyes in same direction
101
Activation of hair cells
-movement that bends hair toward kinocilium causes depolarization and activation
-movement that bends hair away from kinocilium causes hyperpolarization and deactiviation
102
Otolith Ocular Reflex
-input from otoliths
-output to eye muscles
-controls horizoontal and vertical eye mmts
-via linear VOR
103
Benign Parooxysmal Positional Vertigo
-BPPV
-most common
-crystals from utricle or saccule (MC) fall into SCC (PSCC MC)
-cause change in endolymh viscosity and fire nerve signals
-brief vertigo and nystagmus
Canalithiasis (MC):
-otoconia fall off and free float in PSCC
-latent onset of vertico and nystagmus after provoking
-disappears in 1 min
Cupulolithiasis:
-otoconia fall off and adhere to cupula of PSCC making cupula denser around endolymph
-immediate vertigo is persistent until head moved
-nystagmus
104
Nystagmus
-non voluntary rhythmic oscillation of eyes
-named by fast phase
-can be suppressed by fixation
-viewed with frenzel or infared goggles
CNS:
-smooth pursuit and saccades (cerebellum and brainstem)
-often follows gaze
-typically vertical, constant
Peripheral Vestib:
-Slow phase: VOR
-fast phase: corrective saccade
-usually horizontal
BPPV:
-named by torsion (canal) and rotary component toward lesion
-Upbeat and rotary for PSCC
Physiologic: induced by normal stimuli; spinning
Pathologic: abnormal, 4 types
105
Neuritis/Labyrinthitis
Neuritis: no hearing loss
Labryrinthitis: hearing loss and tinitis
-infection/inflammation causing hypofunction
-fireing rate affected
-long lasting 3-7d
-nystagmus fixed on good side in all 3 degrees of gaze
106
Acoustic Neuroma
-tumor on cochlear n
107
Endolymphatic Hydrops/Meniere's
-chroonic condition of inner ear
108
Fistula/Dehiscence
-trauma, fluid exchange, tears
109
Vesibular Hypofunction
-damage to inner ear or vestib n
-affects VOR and VSR
-unilateral: dizzy
-bilateral: moving images
110
Spontaneous Nystagmus
-cns or pns vestib problem
111
Positional Nystagmus
-paroxysmal or static
-Torsional: BPPV or brainstem
-Down/upbeat: cerebellar dysfunction
112
Gaze evoked Nystagmus
-eyes drift toward center, contantly corrective
113
Congenital Nystagmus
-birth
114
Neuroplasticity
-neural capacitty to alter brain function, neurotransmitters and structure
-memory and learning
-healing from damage
Mechanisms: habituation, new experiences, recovery after injury
115
Learning
-change in behavior from knowledge and practice
-process of acquisition
116
Memory
-process that knowledge is encoded, stored and recalled
-product of learning
117
Motor Learning
-learning new strategies from moving
-permanent changes in behavior
-increases activity of thalamocortical pathways
-parallel pathways aid in efficiency and redundancy
118
Performance
-temporary change in motor behavior
119
Habituation
-simple form of neuroplasticity
-supression of repetitive non-noxious stimuli
-after rest, response can be ilicited to same stimulus
Short term: changes in neurotransmitter and concentration of Ca
Long term: repeated stimulation causeing structural changes
120
Sensitization
-strengthening response to stimuli preceded by noxious stimuli
-more complex than habituation
-alters K+ allowing longer AP and more neurotransmitter
Long term: increased strength of existing, new proteins, new synapses, modified current synapses
121
Assoociative Learning
-person can predict association
-conditioning
-2 neurons activated causes protein altering
Long term: new protein synthesis with formation fo new synapses
122
Classic Conditioning
-1 stimulus to another
-weak stumulus and response paired with stronger stimulus
-pavlov
123
Operant Conditioning
-behavior to consequences
-trial and error: behavior shaped by internal throughts and motivation
-consequences: reinforcement to strengthen behavior and punishment to weaken
124
Implicit Procedural Learning
-skills and habits
-must be performed by learner
-basal ganglia loops
125
Explicit Learning
-coonscioous processes with end product of acquiring knowledge
-prefrontal cortex, limbic
126
Long Term Potentiation
-similar to pottentiation
-requires stimuli at the same location
-weak is facilitatied if stimulated in ass with stronger (associativity, specificity and cooperativity (pre and post working together))
-increased neurotransmitter
Shorter term: functional changes only
Long term: protein synthesis
*Hippocampus and temporal lobe for spatial memory that can be verbalized*
127
Long Term Depression
-similar to habituation
-acticate weak synapses
128
Specificity
-only highly actice will exibit LTP
-selective memory
129
Cooperativity
-requires >1 neuron working togetther
-pre and post together
130
Associativity
-contributing fibers and post synaptic cells working together
131
Implicit and explicit memory
-can shift between each
-used in most learning activities
132
Early Cognitive Phase
-high attention
-activation inc then dec in dorsolateral PFC, sensorimotor coorticies, parietal and cerebellum
-sesnory feedback
-performance witth rapid improvement
133
Associative Phase
-motor/sensory apthways active but less
-inc in cerebellar activity and basal ganglia
-executive function needed
-new skills, compare results
-refine skill
-slower improvements
134
Autonomous Stage
-primary cortex remains activice but decreased
-more automatic basal ganglia
-increased accuracy
-stable performance
135
Brain Injury
-cell death causes
136
Axonal Injury
injury < axons retract away < wallerian degeneration < distal segment dies < glial cells clean up < cell body degenerates through chromatolysis < post synaptic cell may die
137
Axon Injury Regrowth
Sprouting: new branch of intact axon
Collateral sprouting: neighbo r neuron reinnervates
Regenerative sprouting: damaged neuron sends new sorts to new target
Schwann cells regrow axon 1mm/day, exercise day 5 helps
-PNS
138
Diffuse Axonal Injury
-DAI
-TBI from high velocity injuries cause widespread tearing
-CNS
139
Neurite Outgrowth inhibitor
-NOGO
-glial scars revent aconal regeneration in CNS
140
Cell Body Death
-always causes neuron death
141
Synaptic Changes after Injury
Recovery of synaptic effectivenss
-resolution of edema
Denervation hypersensitivity
-increased post synaptic receptors
Synaptic Hypereffectiveness
-presynaptic terminals are damaged and post receive it all
Unmasking of silent synapses
142
Principles of Plasticity
1. Use it or lose it
2. Use and improve it
3. Specificity
4. Repetition matters
5. Intensity matters
6. Time Matters: work at diff times
7. Salience Matters: meaningful tasks
8. Age
9. Transference: can enhance aquisition of similar behaviors
10. Interference: one experience can interfere with another behavior
143
Voluntary Movement 3 Phases
Target identification: post parietal cortex
Planning of action: premotor areas of frontal cortex
Execution of action: primary motor
