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Neuro > Practical 2 > Flashcards

Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

-produces CSF
-web of capillaries
-blood filtered 3x

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2
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

-above thalamus
-2
-connected to 3rd ventricle by inter-ventricular foramina (Monro)

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3
Q

3rd Ventricle

A

-surrounded by diencephalon
-connected to 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct (sylvius)

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4
Q

4th Ventricle

A

-behind pons/medulla
-connects to central canal of SC
-drains into subarachnoid space via foramina of Luschka and midline foramen of Magendie

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5
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

-dense projections in inner layer of dura
-separates 2 hemispheres

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6
Q

Tentorium Cerebelli

A

-dense projections in inner layer of dura
-separate cerebellum from cerebrum

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7
Q

Homunculus Motor Cortex

A

-Precentral Gyrus

Medial: Genitals, toes, ankle, knee

Superomedial: trunk, hip, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand

Superolateral: Hand (fingers pinky-thumb), face

Lateral: Face (top to bottom), jaw (talking), tongue (swallowing)

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8
Q

Homunculus Sensory Cortex

A

-Postcentral gyrus

Medial: Genitals, toes, ankle, knee

Superomedial: trunk, hip, shoulder, head, arm

Superolateral: Hand (fingers pinky-thumb), elbow, forearm, wrist

Lateral: Face (top to bottom), jaw, tongue, gums, pharynx

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9
Q

Vertebrobasilar A.

A

-posterior circulation of brain

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10
Q

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar A. (Think of location)

A

-bottom, posterior cerebellum

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11
Q

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar A.

A

-front and bottom cerebellum

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12
Q

Superior Cerebellar A.

A

-top of cerebellum
-under CN III

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13
Q

Posterior Cerebral A.

A

-posterior cerebrum
-occipital lobe
-Posterior, medial, inferior temporal lobe
-above CN III

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14
Q

Internal Carotid A.

A

-anterior circulation of brain

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15
Q

Ophthalmic A.

A

eyes

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16
Q

Posterior Communicating A.

A

-connects PCerebralA and ICA
-connects 1 side of ant to post

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17
Q

Anterior Cerebral A.

A

-medial cerebral hemisphere to parietal lobe
-from ICA

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18
Q

Anterior Communicating A.

A

-between ant. cerebral A.

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19
Q

Middle Cerebral A.

A

-lateral cerebral hemisphere

EXCECPT:
-superior and front parietal
-inferior temporal

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20
Q

Vertebral A. Stroke

A

-prone to shear forces from AA joint from abrupt cervical rotation
-gait issues, ataxia, HA

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21
Q

Basilar A. Stroke

A

-complete blockage causes death
-partial: tetraplegia, numbness, CN damage, locked in syndrome (only movements)

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22
Q

Anterior Cerebral A. Stroke

A

-hemiparesis loss to contra side
-personality changes
-lower limb issues

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23
Q

Middle Cerebral A. Stroke

A

-hemiparesis loss to contra side
-face and upper limb issues

L side: aphasia
R side: spacial relationships, nonverbal communication

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24
Q

Posteror Cerebral A. Stroke

A

-midbrain issues (thalamic syndrome), eye movement issues, cortical blindness (brain cant comprehend vision)

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25
Q

Pontine Arteries

A

-supplies pons

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26
Q

Torcula

A

-confluence of sinuses
-drains straight sinus and sup. saggital sinus
-drains to sigmoid

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27
Q

Cavernous SInus

A

-drains from blood supply of face and brain
-drains to sigmoid

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28
Q

Superior and inferior Petrosal Sinus

A

-drains from cavernous sinus
-drains to sigmoid

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29
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary Movement, language, higher level function

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30
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory perception, sensory integration (5 senses)

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31
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

-visual perception

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32
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

-auditory processing, vestibular, memory formation

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33
Q

Post central gyrus

A

-Primary sensory cortex
-proprioception
-sensory input

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34
Q

Pre central gyrus

A

-primary motor cortex
-voluntary movement of contralateral side

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35
Q

Central Sulcus

A

-boundary btwn motor/sensory and parietal/frontal lobes

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36
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

-separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobes

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37
Q

Cerebellum

A

-coordinate movements

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38
Q

Pons

A

-unconscious processes
-sleep, breathings

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39
Q

Medulla

A

-vital processing (breathing, BP, HR)

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40
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

-recollective memory

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41
Q

Fusiform Gyrus

A

-high level vision
-face perception, object recognition, reading

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42
Q

Inferior Olive

A

-learning and timing of movements and comparing them to intended movements

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43
Q

Pyramids and Decussation

A

-motor fibers that pass from brain to medulla oblongata
-SC nerves cross

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44
Q

Uncus

A

-olfaction
-emotions
-forming new memories

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45
Q

Parahippocampal Gyrus

A

-spatial awareness
-memory encoding

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46
Q

Midbrain

A

-vision, hearing, motor control, arousal, temperature regulation

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47
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

-connects cerebellum to pons
-largest
- contains afferent fibers

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48
Q

4th Ventricle

A

-protect brain
-form central canal

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49
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

-sound localization
-pitch discrimination
-integration of auditory information

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50
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

-visual (directing eye movements), auditory, and somatosensory spatial information integration

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51
Q

Substania Nigra

A

-production of dopamine
-body movements
-part of basal ganglia
-on midbrain

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52
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A

-refining fine motor movements
conversion of proprioceptive information into balance and posture

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53
Q

Gracile Fasciculus

A

-main touch pathway
-fine touch, vibrations, conscious proprioception
-lower body to brain stem

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54
Q

Grey Matter

A

-unmyelinated neurons
-motor and sensory
-control movement

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55
Q

White Matter

A

-myelinated neurons
-tracts up and down SC

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56
Q

Cuneate Fasciculus

A

-only in cervical
-vibration and conscious perception and fine touch sensations from upper body

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57
Q

Gracile Nucleus

A

-medulla
-dorsal column nuclei
-fine touch sensation and proprioception of lower body

58
Q

Cuneate Nucleus

A

-info from upper body
-medulla

59
Q

Inferior Olivary Nucleus

A

-coordinate signals from SC to cerebellum to regulate coordination

60
Q

Periaqueductal Grey Matter

A

-modulation and propagation of pain

61
Q

Cranial Nerve Locations

A

Midbrain: CN III-IV
Pons: CN V-VIII
Medulla: CN IX-XII

62
Q

Cell Bodies

A

Sensory: myelinated by schwann cells (PNS & DRG) EXCEPT FOR CN I-II (CNS)

Motor: nuclei in brainstem

63
Q

CN I Exit Foramina

A

Cribriform plate

64
Q

CN II Exit Foramina

A

Optic canal

65
Q

CN III & IV & VI Exit Foramina

A

Superior orbital fissure

66
Q

CN V Exit Foramina

A

V1: superior orbital fissure
V2: foramen rotundum
V3: foramen ovale

67
Q

CN VII & VIII Exit Foramina

A

Auditory canal

68
Q

CN IX & X & XI Exit Foramina

A

Jugular foramen

69
Q

CN XII Exit Foramina

A

Hypoglossal foramen

70
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory (sensory)
-smell (olfactory cortex: amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, insula)
-only sensory input that reaches cortex before thalamus
1) cover 1 nostril and smell different

CI
Anosmia: loss of smell
-avulsion of olfactory fibers

71
Q

CN II

A

Optic (sensory)
-visual acuity (visual cortex: occipital lobe)
Optic Nerve: from eyes
Optic Chiasm: crossing
Optic tract: to visual cortex
1) consensual contralateral light response (midbrain)
2) eye chart

CI
Homonymous Hemianopsia: damage in contralateral visual path results in ipsilateral 1/2 blindness

72
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor (motor)
-eye and eyelid movement
1) eye movements except lateral and down/in
2) consensual ipsi light response
3) cover eye and pupillary constriction of contra

CI
External Strabismus: ipsilateral eye fixed in abd

Ipsilateral ptosis: paralysis of upper eyelid

Diplopia: double vision

Mydriasis: Ipsilateral pupuil fully dilated

73
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear (Motor)
-ipsilaterally eye movement (down and in)
-only CN that exits dorsum of brainstem

1) H test

CI:
Cannot down and in
-double vision
-difficulty reading
-head tilt to opposite side

74
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal (Both)
V1: Opthalamic (sensory)
V2: Maxillary (sensory)
V3: mandibular (both)

Motor: clench jaw and feel masseter and temporalis

Sensory: check in forehead (ophamalic), checks (maxillary), and jaw (mandibular)

CI:
Corneal Blink Reflex
-tactile sensation on cornea
Trigeminal Neuralgia
-sharp pain in face

75
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens (motor)
-lateral eye movements
-H test

CI:
-double vision

76
Q

CN VII

A

Facial (both)
Motor: facial expression and salivary, stapedius of ear
Sensory: tongue and pharynx
Parasympathetic: salivary gland
Special Sensation: ant 2/3rd of tongue

Testing
-Motor:
1) smile
2) frown
3) move eyebrows

Sensory:
-close eyes and place sweet/salt on anterior 2/3rds of tongue

CI
Bell’s Palsy

77
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
-hearing and vestibular

Hearing:
1) rub fingers together
2) whisper word identification
3) Weber Test: tuning fork on head
4) Rhine Test: tuning fork on mastoid

Vestibular:
1) touch nose then pt finger
2) turn head while looking at thumb

CI:
-vertigo, conductive or sensorineural deafness

78
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal (Both)
-Motor: stylopharyngeus
-Parasympathetic: parotid salivary gland, carotid a.
-Sensory: 1/3 pos tongue, soft palate, ear, gag reflex

Sensory:
1) sour/bitter taste on posterior 1/3 tongue

Motor:
1) swallowing

CI:
decreased gag reflex and salivation

79
Q

CN X

A

Vagus (both)
Motor: larynx, pharynx, tongue, gag
Parasympathetic: decrease HR, bronchoconstriction, digesiton

Test
1) saw ah, uvula deviation to strong side
2)Swallowing

CI:
-hoarseness and swallowing difficulties, digestion issues

80
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory (motor)
-SCM and trap
-Cell bodies in ventral horn of C1-C4
-travels through foramen magnum and exits jugular foramen

Test
1) shoulder shrug
2) head turning

81
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal (motor)
-tongue movements
-swallowing
-speaking

1) stick tongue out, deviates to weak side

CI:
-Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing
-Dysarthria: poor control of speech muscles
-LMN: flaccid tongue, deviates to weak
-UMN: tongue deviates to strong side

82
Q

Thalamus

A

-interprets sensation information and perceives it

83
Q

Name of Pathways

A

-origin and site of termination for 2nd order neruon

84
Q

Types of Somatosensory Pathways to Brain

A

Conscious Relay:
-info about location and stimulus type to conscious awareness
-discriminative sensations

Divergent:
-info to many locations in brainstem and cerebrum
-conscious and non-conscious

Non-Conscious Relay:
-proprioceptive and other movement to cerebellum

85
Q

Conscious Relay Pathways

A

-info about location and stimulus type to conscious awareness
-discriminative sensations
Crude Awareness: thalamus
Detailed Awareness: somatosensory cortex

Dorsal Column
Anterolateral Column

86
Q

Divergent Relay Pathways

A

-info to many locations in brainstem and cerebrum
-conscious and non-conscious
-medial/slow nociception
-subconscious temperatue

Spinomesencephalic, spinoreticular and spino-emotional tracts

87
Q

Non-Conscious Relay Pathways

A

-proprioceptive and other movement to cerebellum

Spinocerebellar Tracts

88
Q

Descending Motor Fibers (2 types)

A

Pyramidal Tracts: cerebral cortex
Extrapyramidal Tracts: Brainstem

89
Q

Flexor-Extensor Rule

A

-MNs that innervate flexors are located posteriorly to MNs that innervate extensors

90
Q

Proximal-Distal Rule

A

-MNs that innervate distal muscles are located laterally to MNs that innervate proximal muscles

91
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tracts (function)

A

-crossed at pyramidal decussation of medulla
-fractionated movements
-primary motor cortex
-most CST fibers
-descends in lat funiculus

92
Q

Medial Corticospinal Tracts

A

-uncrossed
-postural movements
-originates from premotor cortex
-descends in venttral funiculus

93
Q

Nonspecific Motor tracts

A

-facilitate activity of interneurons and MNs
-activate during intense emotions

Ceruleospinal and Raphespinal Tracts

94
Q

Corticobrainstem Tracts

A

-voluntary control of many MM of head and neck
-originate in cortex motor areas and reach CN nuclei in brainstem

95
Q

Secondary Somatosensory Gyrus

A

-post to primary
-processes info from primary and thalamus for stereognosis and sensory memory

96
Q

Crista Gali

A

-separates olfactory bulbs

97
Q

Cribiform Plate

A

Olfactory N.

98
Q

Optic Canal

A

-optic N and ophthalmic A.
-loss of vision

99
Q

Foramen Rotundum

A
  • Maxillary portion of Trigeminal
    -loss of function at maxilla
100
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

-mandibular portion of trigeminal
-loss of function at mandible

101
Q

Formamen Spinosum

A

-middle meningeal artery
-epidural hematoma

102
Q

Foramen Lacerum

A

-filled with cartilage

103
Q

Groove for Meningeal A.

A

-middle meningeal artery
-epidural hematoma

104
Q

Grove For Petrosal Sinus

A

-sup. petrosal sinus
-improper drainage

105
Q

Internal Auditory Meatus

A

-Facial N and Vestibularcochlear n
-Hearing loss and facial paralysis

106
Q

Jugular Foramen

A

-CN 9,10,11
-int. jugular vein
-Loss of taste, uvula deviation, speech, neck muscles, bleeding out

107
Q

Sulcus for Transverse Sinus

A

-transverse sinus
-improper drainage

108
Q

Hypoglossal Canal

A

-Hypoglossal nerve
-weak tongue muscles

109
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

-SC, vertebral arteries, Accessory N
-Death, paralysis

110
Q

Sulcus for Superior Saggital Sinus

A

-sup. saggital sinus
-improper drainage

111
Q

Superior Orbital Fissure

A

-Trigeminal N, opthalamic A, abducens N, occulomotor N, Trochlear N
-Loss of vision, pupil reaction, eye movements

112
Q

Stylomastoid Foramen

A

-facial N
-Face paralysis and abnormal taste

113
Q

Homonymous Hemianopsia

A

damage in contralateral visual path results in ipsilateral 1/2 blindness

114
Q

External Strabismus

A

: ipsilateral eye fixed in abd

115
Q

Ipsilateral ptosis:

A

paralysis of upper eyelid

116
Q

Diplopia:

A

double vision

117
Q

Mydriasis:

A

Ipsilateral pupuil fully dilated

118
Q

Secondary Somatosensory Gyrus

A

-post to primary
-processes info from primary and thalamus for stereognosis and sensory memory

119
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Leminiscus

A

-Ascending tract
-Light touch, proprioception, sterognosis

1st: Dorsal horn ganglion to FG or FC
2nd: Nucleus Gracilis or Cuneatus in Medulla

CROSS with Internal Arcuate Fibers at Medial Leminiscus
3rd: Thalamus to PSSC

120
Q

Anterolateral System

A

-ascending tract
-crude touch
Anterior: crude touch
Lateral: Fast nociception and temp

1st: Dorsal root ganglion to DH

CROSS at Anterior Commissure

2nd: Anterior commisure and travels up LST to thalamus
3rd: Thalamus to PSSC

121
Q

Medial Nociception

A

-dull/slow pain
-ascending, divergent pathway

1st: C fibers with free ending in DH

CROSS

2nd:
Spinomesencephalic: Sup. colliculi and periaqueductal grey

Spinoreticular: Reticular Formation

Spinoemotional: Cortex
-reaches consciousness

122
Q

Dorsal Spinocerebellar

A

-ascending, LE, uncrossed
-Nonconsious postural movements
-coordination and proprioception

1st: DRG to via FG Clark’s Nucleus
2nd: Up DPT through Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle to Cerebellum

123
Q

Ventral Spinocerebellar

A

-ascending, LE, crossed, bilateral
-Nonconsious postural movements
-coordination and proprioception

1st: Anterior Hron
CROSS
2nd: Up VPT through Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
CROSS to Cerebellum

124
Q

Cuneocerebellar

A

-ascending, UE, uncrossed
-Nonconsious postural movements
-coordination and proprioception

1st: DRG to Nucleus Cuneatus
2nd: Up NC through Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle to Cerebellum

125
Q

Rostrospinocerebellar

A

-ascending, UE, uncrossed
-Nonconsious postural movements
-coordination and proprioception

1st: DRG to Superior Cerebellar Peduncles to cerebellum

126
Q

Medial/Ventral Corticospinal Tract

A

-automatic trunk movements, uncrossed
-pyramidal

Premotor cortex > internal capsule > Cerebral Peduncle (midbrain)> FG> medial/anterior horn

127
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

A

-voluntary limb mmts
-pyramidal

Primary Motor Cortex> internal capsule> Cerebral peduncles (midbrain)>crosses at decussation of medulla>FC>lateral horn

128
Q

Corticobulbar Tract

A

-facial movements
-Pyramidal

Primary motor cortex> cerebral peduncles> crosses a lot at CNs> exits cervical ventral horn

129
Q

Reticulospinal Tract

A

-extrapyramidal
-postural and gross movements (walking), extensors

Reticular formation in Pons>FG>ventral horn

130
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

A

-extrapyramidal
-postural and vestibular movements
Medial: head and neck motions to maintain position
Lateral: limb and trunk reactions to gravity

Vestibular Nuclei in Pons and medulla>lateral column>ventral horn

131
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A

-extrapyramidal

Red nucleus (midbrain)>cross> down RST of lat column>ventral horn

132
Q

Spinal Cord I Zone

A

-dorsal horn
-marginal zone

133
Q

Spinal Cord II Zone

A

-Dorsal horn
-Substantia gelatinosa

134
Q

Spinal Cord III Zone

A

-dorsal horn
-Nucleus proprius

135
Q

Spinal Cord IV Zone

A

-dorsal horn
-Nucleus proprius

136
Q

Spinal Cord V Zone

A

-Dorsal horn

137
Q

Spinal Cord VI Zone

A

-dorsal horn

138
Q

Spinal Cord VII Zone

A

-intermediate zone
-Clark’s nucleus

139
Q

Spinal Cord VIII Zone

A

-ventral horn
-commissural nucleus

140
Q

Spinal Cord IX Zone

A

-ventral horn
-motor nuclei

141
Q

Spinal Cord X Zone

A

-grey matter
-Grisea centralis

Neuro (30 decks)

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