Practical 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Choroid Plexus
A
-produces CSF
-web of capillaries
-blood filtered 3x
2
Q
Lateral Ventricles
A
-above thalamus
-2
-connected to 3rd ventricle by inter-ventricular foramina (Monro)
3
Q
3rd Ventricle
A
-surrounded by diencephalon
-connected to 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct (sylvius)
4
Q
4th Ventricle
A
-behind pons/medulla
-connects to central canal of SC
-drains into subarachnoid space via foramina of Luschka and midline foramen of Magendie
5
Q
Falx Cerebri
A
-dense projections in inner layer of dura
-separates 2 hemispheres
6
Q
Tentorium Cerebelli
A
-dense projections in inner layer of dura
-separate cerebellum from cerebrum
7
Q
Homunculus Motor Cortex
A
-Precentral Gyrus
Medial: Genitals, toes, ankle, knee
Superomedial: trunk, hip, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand
Superolateral: Hand (fingers pinky-thumb), face
Lateral: Face (top to bottom), jaw (talking), tongue (swallowing)
8
Q
Homunculus Sensory Cortex
A
-Postcentral gyrus
Medial: Genitals, toes, ankle, knee
Superomedial: trunk, hip, shoulder, head, arm
Superolateral: Hand (fingers pinky-thumb), elbow, forearm, wrist
Lateral: Face (top to bottom), jaw, tongue, gums, pharynx
9
Q
Vertebrobasilar A.
A
-posterior circulation of brain
10
Q
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar A. (Think of location)
A
-bottom, posterior cerebellum
11
Q
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar A.
A
-front and bottom cerebellum
12
Q
Superior Cerebellar A.
A
-top of cerebellum
-under CN III
13
Q
Posterior Cerebral A.
A
-posterior cerebrum
-occipital lobe
-Posterior, medial, inferior temporal lobe
-above CN III
14
Q
Internal Carotid A.
A
-anterior circulation of brain
15
Q
Ophthalmic A.
A
eyes
16
Q
Posterior Communicating A.
A
-connects PCerebralA and ICA
-connects 1 side of ant to post
17
Q
Anterior Cerebral A.
A
-medial cerebral hemisphere to parietal lobe
-from ICA
18
Q
Anterior Communicating A.
A
-between ant. cerebral A.
19
Q
Middle Cerebral A.
A
-lateral cerebral hemisphere
EXCECPT:
-superior and front parietal
-inferior temporal
20
Q
Vertebral A. Stroke
A
-prone to shear forces from AA joint from abrupt cervical rotation
-gait issues, ataxia, HA
21
Q
Basilar A. Stroke
A
-complete blockage causes death
-partial: tetraplegia, numbness, CN damage, locked in syndrome (only movements)
22
Q
Anterior Cerebral A. Stroke
A
-hemiparesis loss to contra side
-personality changes
-lower limb issues
23
Q
Middle Cerebral A. Stroke
A
-hemiparesis loss to contra side
-face and upper limb issues
L side: aphasia
R side: spacial relationships, nonverbal communication
24
Q
Posteror Cerebral A. Stroke
A
-midbrain issues (thalamic syndrome), eye movement issues, cortical blindness (brain cant comprehend vision)
25
Pontine Arteries
-supplies pons
26
Torcula
-confluence of sinuses
-drains straight sinus and sup. saggital sinus
-drains to sigmoid
27
Cavernous SInus
-drains from blood supply of face and brain
-drains to sigmoid
28
Superior and inferior Petrosal Sinus
-drains from cavernous sinus
-drains to sigmoid
29
Frontal Lobe
Voluntary Movement, language, higher level function
30
Parietal Lobe
Sensory perception, sensory integration (5 senses)
31
Occipital Lobe
-visual perception
32
Temporal Lobe
-auditory processing, vestibular, memory formation
33
Post central gyrus
-Primary sensory cortex
-proprioception
-sensory input
34
Pre central gyrus
-primary motor cortex
-voluntary movement of contralateral side
35
Central Sulcus
-boundary btwn motor/sensory and parietal/frontal lobes
36
Lateral Sulcus
-separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobes
37
Cerebellum
-coordinate movements
38
Pons
-unconscious processes
-sleep, breathings
39
Medulla
-vital processing (breathing, BP, HR)
40
Mammillary Bodies
-recollective memory
41
Fusiform Gyrus
-high level vision
-face perception, object recognition, reading
42
Inferior Olive
-learning and timing of movements and comparing them to intended movements
43
Pyramids and Decussation
-motor fibers that pass from brain to medulla oblongata
-SC nerves cross
44
Uncus
-olfaction
-emotions
-forming new memories
45
Parahippocampal Gyrus
-spatial awareness
-memory encoding
46
Midbrain
-vision, hearing, motor control, arousal, temperature regulation
47
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
-connects cerebellum to pons
-largest
- contains afferent fibers
48
4th Ventricle
-protect brain
-form central canal
49
Inferior Colliculus
-sound localization
-pitch discrimination
-integration of auditory information
50
Superior Colliculus
-visual (directing eye movements), auditory, and somatosensory spatial information integration
51
Substania Nigra
-production of dopamine
-body movements
-part of basal ganglia
-on midbrain
52
Cerebral Peduncles
-refining fine motor movements
conversion of proprioceptive information into balance and posture
53
Gracile Fasciculus
-main touch pathway
-fine touch, vibrations, conscious proprioception
-lower body to brain stem
54
Grey Matter
-unmyelinated neurons
-motor and sensory
-control movement
55
White Matter
-myelinated neurons
-tracts up and down SC
56
Cuneate Fasciculus
-only in cervical
-vibration and conscious perception and fine touch sensations from upper body
57
Gracile Nucleus
-medulla
-dorsal column nuclei
-fine touch sensation and proprioception of lower body
58
Cuneate Nucleus
-info from upper body
-medulla
59
Inferior Olivary Nucleus
-coordinate signals from SC to cerebellum to regulate coordination
60
Periaqueductal Grey Matter
-modulation and propagation of pain
61
Cranial Nerve Locations
Midbrain: CN III-IV
Pons: CN V-VIII
Medulla: CN IX-XII
62
Cell Bodies
Sensory: myelinated by schwann cells (PNS & DRG) EXCEPT FOR CN I-II (CNS)
Motor: nuclei in brainstem
63
CN I Exit Foramina
Cribriform plate
64
CN II Exit Foramina
Optic canal
65
CN III & IV & VI Exit Foramina
Superior orbital fissure
66
CN V Exit Foramina
V1: superior orbital fissure
V2: foramen rotundum
V3: foramen ovale
67
CN VII & VIII Exit Foramina
Auditory canal
68
CN IX & X & XI Exit Foramina
Jugular foramen
69
CN XII Exit Foramina
Hypoglossal foramen
70
CN I
Olfactory (sensory)
-smell (olfactory cortex: amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, insula)
-only sensory input that reaches cortex before thalamus
1) cover 1 nostril and smell different
CI
Anosmia: loss of smell
-avulsion of olfactory fibers
71
CN II
Optic (sensory)
-visual acuity (visual cortex: occipital lobe)
Optic Nerve: from eyes
Optic Chiasm: crossing
Optic tract: to visual cortex
1) consensual contralateral light response (midbrain)
2) eye chart
CI
Homonymous Hemianopsia: damage in contralateral visual path results in ipsilateral 1/2 blindness
72
CN III
Oculomotor (motor)
-eye and eyelid movement
1) eye movements except lateral and down/in
2) consensual ipsi light response
3) cover eye and pupillary constriction of contra
CI
External Strabismus: ipsilateral eye fixed in abd
Ipsilateral ptosis: paralysis of upper eyelid
Diplopia: double vision
Mydriasis: Ipsilateral pupuil fully dilated
73
CN IV
Trochlear (Motor)
-ipsilaterally eye movement (down and in)
-only CN that exits dorsum of brainstem
1) H test
CI:
Cannot down and in
-double vision
-difficulty reading
-head tilt to opposite side
74
CN V
Trigeminal (Both)
V1: Opthalamic (sensory)
V2: Maxillary (sensory)
V3: mandibular (both)
Motor: clench jaw and feel masseter and temporalis
Sensory: check in forehead (ophamalic), checks (maxillary), and jaw (mandibular)
CI:
Corneal Blink Reflex
-tactile sensation on cornea
Trigeminal Neuralgia
-sharp pain in face
75
CN VI
Abducens (motor)
-lateral eye movements
-H test
CI:
-double vision
76
CN VII
Facial (both)
Motor: facial expression and salivary, stapedius of ear
Sensory: tongue and pharynx
Parasympathetic: salivary gland
Special Sensation: ant 2/3rd of tongue
Testing
-Motor:
1) smile
2) frown
3) move eyebrows
Sensory:
-close eyes and place sweet/salt on anterior 2/3rds of tongue
CI
Bell’s Palsy
77
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
-hearing and vestibular
Hearing:
1) rub fingers together
2) whisper word identification
3) Weber Test: tuning fork on head
4) Rhine Test: tuning fork on mastoid
Vestibular:
1) touch nose then pt finger
2) turn head while looking at thumb
CI:
-vertigo, conductive or sensorineural deafness
78
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal (Both)
-Motor: stylopharyngeus
-Parasympathetic: parotid salivary gland, carotid a.
-Sensory: 1/3 pos tongue, soft palate, ear, gag reflex
Sensory:
1) sour/bitter taste on posterior 1/3 tongue
Motor:
1) swallowing
CI:
decreased gag reflex and salivation
79
CN X
Vagus (both)
Motor: larynx, pharynx, tongue, gag
Parasympathetic: decrease HR, bronchoconstriction, digesiton
Test
1) saw ah, uvula deviation to strong side
2)Swallowing
CI:
-hoarseness and swallowing difficulties, digestion issues
80
CN XI
Accessory (motor)
-SCM and trap
-Cell bodies in ventral horn of C1-C4
-travels through foramen magnum and exits jugular foramen
Test
1) shoulder shrug
2) head turning
81
CN XII
Hypoglossal (motor)
-tongue movements
-swallowing
-speaking
1) stick tongue out, deviates to weak side
CI:
-Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing
-Dysarthria: poor control of speech muscles
-LMN: flaccid tongue, deviates to weak
-UMN: tongue deviates to strong side
82
Thalamus
-interprets sensation information and perceives it
83
Name of Pathways
-origin and site of termination for 2nd order neruon
84
Types of Somatosensory Pathways to Brain
Conscious Relay:
-info about location and stimulus type to conscious awareness
-discriminative sensations
Divergent:
-info to many locations in brainstem and cerebrum
-conscious and non-conscious
Non-Conscious Relay:
-proprioceptive and other movement to cerebellum
85
Conscious Relay Pathways
-info about location and stimulus type to conscious awareness
-discriminative sensations
Crude Awareness: thalamus
Detailed Awareness: somatosensory cortex
Dorsal Column
Anterolateral Column
86
Divergent Relay Pathways
-info to many locations in brainstem and cerebrum
-conscious and non-conscious
-medial/slow nociception
-subconscious temperatue
Spinomesencephalic, spinoreticular and spino-emotional tracts
87
Non-Conscious Relay Pathways
-proprioceptive and other movement to cerebellum
Spinocerebellar Tracts
88
Descending Motor Fibers (2 types)
Pyramidal Tracts: cerebral cortex
Extrapyramidal Tracts: Brainstem
89
Flexor-Extensor Rule
-MNs that innervate flexors are located posteriorly to MNs that innervate extensors
90
Proximal-Distal Rule
-MNs that innervate distal muscles are located laterally to MNs that innervate proximal muscles
91
Lateral Corticospinal Tracts (function)
-crossed at pyramidal decussation of medulla
-fractionated movements
-primary motor cortex
-most CST fibers
-descends in lat funiculus
92
Medial Corticospinal Tracts
-uncrossed
-postural movements
-originates from premotor cortex
-descends in venttral funiculus
93
Nonspecific Motor tracts
-facilitate activity of interneurons and MNs
-activate during intense emotions
Ceruleospinal and Raphespinal Tracts
94
Corticobrainstem Tracts
-voluntary control of many MM of head and neck
-originate in cortex motor areas and reach CN nuclei in brainstem
95
Secondary Somatosensory Gyrus
-post to primary
-processes info from primary and thalamus for stereognosis and sensory memory
96
Crista Gali
-separates olfactory bulbs
97
Cribiform Plate
Olfactory N.
98
Optic Canal
-optic N and ophthalmic A.
-loss of vision
99
Foramen Rotundum
- Maxillary portion of Trigeminal
-loss of function at maxilla
100
Foramen Ovale
-mandibular portion of trigeminal
-loss of function at mandible
101
Formamen Spinosum
-middle meningeal artery
-epidural hematoma
102
Foramen Lacerum
-filled with cartilage
103
Groove for Meningeal A.
-middle meningeal artery
-epidural hematoma
104
Grove For Petrosal Sinus
-sup. petrosal sinus
-improper drainage
105
Internal Auditory Meatus
-Facial N and Vestibularcochlear n
-Hearing loss and facial paralysis
106
Jugular Foramen
-CN 9,10,11
-int. jugular vein
-Loss of taste, uvula deviation, speech, neck muscles, bleeding out
107
Sulcus for Transverse Sinus
-transverse sinus
-improper drainage
108
Hypoglossal Canal
-Hypoglossal nerve
-weak tongue muscles
109
Foramen Magnum
-SC, vertebral arteries, Accessory N
-Death, paralysis
110
Sulcus for Superior Saggital Sinus
-sup. saggital sinus
-improper drainage
111
Superior Orbital Fissure
-Trigeminal N, opthalamic A, abducens N, occulomotor N, Trochlear N
-Loss of vision, pupil reaction, eye movements
112
Stylomastoid Foramen
-facial N
-Face paralysis and abnormal taste
113
Homonymous Hemianopsia
damage in contralateral visual path results in ipsilateral 1/2 blindness
114
External Strabismus
: ipsilateral eye fixed in abd
115
Ipsilateral ptosis:
paralysis of upper eyelid
116
Diplopia:
double vision
117
Mydriasis:
Ipsilateral pupuil fully dilated
118
Secondary Somatosensory Gyrus
-post to primary
-processes info from primary and thalamus for stereognosis and sensory memory
119
Dorsal Column Medial Leminiscus
-Ascending tract
-Light touch, proprioception, sterognosis
1st: Dorsal horn ganglion to FG or FC
2nd: Nucleus Gracilis or Cuneatus in Medulla
CROSS with Internal Arcuate Fibers at Medial Leminiscus
3rd: Thalamus to PSSC
120
Anterolateral System
-ascending tract
-crude touch
Anterior: crude touch
Lateral: Fast nociception and temp
1st: Dorsal root ganglion to DH
CROSS at Anterior Commissure
2nd: Anterior commisure and travels up LST to thalamus
3rd: Thalamus to PSSC
121
Medial Nociception
-dull/slow pain
-ascending, divergent pathway
1st: C fibers with free ending in DH
CROSS
2nd:
Spinomesencephalic: Sup. colliculi and periaqueductal grey
Spinoreticular: Reticular Formation
Spinoemotional: Cortex
-reaches consciousness
122
Dorsal Spinocerebellar
-ascending, LE, uncrossed
-Nonconsious postural movements
-coordination and proprioception
1st: DRG to via FG Clark's Nucleus
2nd: Up DPT through Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle to Cerebellum
123
Ventral Spinocerebellar
-ascending, LE, crossed, bilateral
-Nonconsious postural movements
-coordination and proprioception
1st: Anterior Hron
CROSS
2nd: Up VPT through Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
CROSS to Cerebellum
124
Cuneocerebellar
-ascending, UE, uncrossed
-Nonconsious postural movements
-coordination and proprioception
1st: DRG to Nucleus Cuneatus
2nd: Up NC through Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle to Cerebellum
125
Rostrospinocerebellar
-ascending, UE, uncrossed
-Nonconsious postural movements
-coordination and proprioception
1st: DRG to Superior Cerebellar Peduncles to cerebellum
126
Medial/Ventral Corticospinal Tract
-automatic trunk movements, uncrossed
-pyramidal
Premotor cortex > internal capsule > Cerebral Peduncle (midbrain)> FG> medial/anterior horn
127
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
-voluntary limb mmts
-pyramidal
Primary Motor Cortex> internal capsule> Cerebral peduncles (midbrain)>crosses at decussation of medulla>FC>lateral horn
128
Corticobulbar Tract
-facial movements
-Pyramidal
Primary motor cortex> cerebral peduncles> crosses a lot at CNs> exits cervical ventral horn
129
Reticulospinal Tract
-extrapyramidal
-postural and gross movements (walking), extensors
Reticular formation in Pons>FG>ventral horn
130
Vestibulospinal Tract
-extrapyramidal
-postural and vestibular movements
Medial: head and neck motions to maintain position
Lateral: limb and trunk reactions to gravity
Vestibular Nuclei in Pons and medulla>lateral column>ventral horn
131
Rubrospinal Tract
-extrapyramidal
Red nucleus (midbrain)>cross> down RST of lat column>ventral horn
132
Spinal Cord I Zone
-dorsal horn
-marginal zone
133
Spinal Cord II Zone
-Dorsal horn
-Substantia gelatinosa
134
Spinal Cord III Zone
-dorsal horn
-Nucleus proprius
135
Spinal Cord IV Zone
-dorsal horn
-Nucleus proprius
136
Spinal Cord V Zone
-Dorsal horn
137
Spinal Cord VI Zone
-dorsal horn
138
Spinal Cord VII Zone
-intermediate zone
-Clark's nucleus
139
Spinal Cord VIII Zone
-ventral horn
-commissural nucleus
140
Spinal Cord IX Zone
-ventral horn
-motor nuclei
141
Spinal Cord X Zone
-grey matter
-Grisea centralis
