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Neuroanatomy > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Glia Cells

A

-non-neuronal cells
-supportive, homeostasis, regulation

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2
Q

Neuron function

A

Reception, integration, transmission, and transfer of information

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3
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

-1 dendrite, cell body and 1 axon
-sensory

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4
Q

Pseudounipolar Neurons

A

Dendrites, axon and cell body on side
-motor

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5
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

Multiple dendrites
-interneurons
-most common

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6
Q

Macroglia

A

-larger supporting cells
-Astrocytes
-Oligodendrocytes
-Schwann Cells

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7
Q

Microglia

A

-immune for CNS
-phagocytes

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8
Q

Astrocytes

A

-macroglia cells in CNS
-support, signal, nutrtients

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9
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

-macroglia cells in CNS
-create myelin

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10
Q

Schwann Cell

A

-PNS macroglia
-support PNS and make myelin
-does all the job

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11
Q

Local Potential

A

-small, graded
-occurs in receptor or synapse
-spreads passively

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12
Q

Action potential

A

Large “all or none”
-depolarizing

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13
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70mV

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14
Q

Ion Cell Distribution at Rest

A

More Na+ outside, more K+ inside
-Extracellular positive charge outside
-Intracellular negative charge inside
-more permeable to K+M

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15
Q

Movement of K+ during AP

A

-diffuses down concentration gradient and towards negative charges
-chemical gradient force out, electrical gradient force in

2K+/3Na+

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16
Q

4 Membrane Ion channels

A

Leak (non-gated): small amount leak, K+

Modality-gated: Sensory neurons only; mechanical, temp or chemicals

Ligand-gated: opens when stimulated by neurotransmitters

Voltage-gated: opens when reaction; Ca+

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17
Q

Movement of Na+ during AP

A

-moves through leaky channels and then voltage gated negative charges

2K+/3Na+

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18
Q

Spatial Summation

A

I…..I……I……I

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19
Q

Temporal Summation

A

AP combine to form a large AP.
-Build up of multiple excitatory waves merging

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20
Q

Depolarization

A

-voltage gated channels release Na+ into cell
- polarity becomes positive

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21
Q

Repolarization

A

-Na+ channels close, K+ voltage channels open and release to the outside of the cell

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22
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

K+ gates remain open and cause hypo
-90mV

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23
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

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A

completely unresponsive to stimuli
-Na+ has not reset yet

24
Q

Relative Refractory Period

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A

May respond to higher stimuli
-Most Na+ resets

25
Factors Influencing AP
-diameter of axon, larger=faster -myelin, more=faster -temperature, warm=faster
26
Nodes of Ranvier
-site of saltatory conduction -location of AP generation and depolarization -high density of voltage gated ion channels
27
Conduction Speeds of fibers
large myelinated: PNS sensory and motor Thin unmeylinated: -short axons in grey matter in CNS -visceral ANS axons -pain fibers
28
Muscle Cell AP
-90mV RMP -AP 1-5msec -18x slower than neuron
29
Presynaptic Terminal
-neuron conducting impulse toward synapse -feet -release neurotransmitters/neuromodulators
30
Postsynaptic terminal
-dendrite or cell body receiving neurotransmitter
31
Axosomatic Synapse
-synapse that binds to cell body of another nerve -local membrane potential
32
Axoaxonic Synapse
-synapse that binds to axon of another nerve -1st neuron activates second -presynaptic effects
33
Axodendritic
-synapse that binds to dendrite of another nerve -local membrane potential
34
Steps of Synaptic Transmission
1. AP comes to presynaptic terminal 2. Presynaptic membrane depolarizes and releases Ca+ 3. Ca+ causes vessicles to exocytose neurotransmitters 4. Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptor 5. Postsynaptic receptor opens ion channel or triggers intracellular messengers
35
Excitatory Postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
-local depolarization with Na+ or Ca+ into neuron -facilitates AP generation -common throughout CNS and PNS
36
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
-local hyperpolarization with K+ out of neuron
37
Presynaptic Facilitation
-1st presynaptic neuron (Axoaxonic) releases neurotransmitters that attaches to 2nd neurotransmitter (axosomatic) and slightly depolarizes it to releases Ca+
38
Presynaptic Inhibition
-1st presynaptic neuron (axoaxonic) causes slight hyperpolarization to decreased Ca+ released from 2nd neuron (axosomatic)
39
Neurotransmitters
-fast -released from synapse -EPSP and IPSP -ms to mins
40
Neuromodulators
-extracellular space -alter gene expression, open iono channels, change metabolism, affects many neurons -mins to days
41
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
-fast response -aka ionotropic receptor -some excitatory and inhibitory -inactivate due to lack of neurotransmitter and resorption
42
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Activation of Ion Channels
-alters electrical excitability or neurons -Neurotransmitter being to G protein and alter the shape -Internal subunit breaks away and binds to membrane ion channel to change shape and open -slower than ligand -Mood disorders, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's
43
Agonist
-drugs the bind to receptors and copy actions of neurotransmitter
44
Antagonists
-drugs that block postsynaptic neurotransmitter -drugs that inhibit release of neurotransmitter in presynaptic neurons
45
Acetylcholine (Ach)
-Neurotransmitter produced in basal forebrain above eyes and midbrain (at top of brainstem) -Skeletal Muscles: Ach for neuromuscular junctions for muscle contraction. Blocking: causes weakness, fatigue, paralysis -Autonomic NS: slows HR, constricts pupils -Brain: Arousal, pleasure, cognitive function, movement and attention. Pleasure seeking behaviors and alzheimers
46
Glutamate
-amino acid principal fast neurotransmitter of CNS -Neural changes w/ learning and development (neuroplasticity) Excessive: -excitotoxiciity and neuron death -seizures Associated with -chronic pain, Parkinson's, schizophrenia, neuron death, stroke
47
GABA
-Glycine and y-aminobutyric acid -animo acid primary inhibitory neurotransmitter that prevent excessive neural activities in CNS (downers) Glycine: inhibits postsynaptic in brainstem and SC Low Levels: -seizure, involuntary muscle contractions, anxiety
48
Huntington's Disease
-causes loss of neurons that use GABA -causes jerky, involuntary movements and cognitive decline
49
Dopamine
-amine neurotransmitter produced in substantia nigra of the brain -affects motor function, cognition, and behavior, reward seeking behaviors (good for eating, bad for addiction) -2nd messenger systems Abnormalities seen in: -Parkinson's: not enough dopamine; bradykinesia, treat with precursor -Schizophrenia: signalling pathways, treat with drugs that prevent binding Excessive: -drug abuse by preventing reuptake of presynaptic terminals
50
Norepinephrine
-amine neurotransmitter produced in brainstem, hypothalamus, and thalamus -released by neurons of ANS and adrenal glands -fight or flight Excessive: -fear, panic, PTSD -beta blockers to treat Low: -sleeping -depression
51
Serotonin
-amine neurotransmitter involved with mood, pain, arousal, and motor acitivities High -alert and during REM Low -depression
52
Opioid Peptides
-endogenous: endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins -produced in NS and bind to receptors for opium -receptors in SC, hypothalamus, brainstem to inhibit pain
53
Substance P
-peptide that stimulates nerves at injury site Neurotransmitter: acts on CNS to cary info to brain Neuromodulator: -pain syndromes -hypothalamus and cerebral cortex during long duration excitation -modulate immune activity during stress
54
Ways to Restrict of # Receptors
-internalize receptor -inactivate receptor
55
Increase of # receptors
-infrequent activate -low levels of neurotransmitters
56
Lamber-Eaton Syndrome
-antibodies damage Ca channels in presynaptic membrane -no Ach release -muscle weakness
57
Myasthenia Gravis
-antibodies damage receptors on muscle cells -Ach released but cannot bind -muscle fatigue -life threatening

Neuroanatomy (29 decks)

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