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Neuroscience > Neuroscience Week 6: Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Neuroscience Week 6: Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the cellular organization of the cerebral cortex

A
  • The majority of cortex in mammals has 6 layers (neocortex)
  • Distinguished by various staining techniques

by

  • specific cell types
  • density of cell types
  • Pattern of myelination
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2
Q

How do cortical regions cytoarchitectonically?

A

The cortical surface can be divided into varying regions based upon differing features of cytoarchitectonics alone

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3
Q

Each hemisphere contains ________________ representations of the body and its surroundings (motor and sensory)`

A

Contralateral

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4
Q

Explain cerebral hemisphere dominance

A

higher functions such as analytical thinking, language, emotion, spatial orientation and musical abilities are centered in one hemisphere more than the other

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5
Q

The hemisphere that contains the centers for language production and comprehension is called

A

The dominant hemispheres

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6
Q

Explain hemisphere dominance

A
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7
Q

Area 4

A

Primary motor area

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8
Q

Primary Motor Cortex function

A
  • Disproportionate representation of the body
  • Large regions: hand, digits, lips and tongue
  • Fine movements of the hand and fingers and speech
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9
Q

Lesions of the Primary motor cortex

A

Weakness of the body part contralateral to the specific area damaged

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10
Q

Identify blood supply

A
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11
Q

Area 6

A

Premotor cortex

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12
Q

Premotor and Supplementary motor function

A

Programming or organizing of the postural adjustments necessary to perform a skilled movement

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13
Q

Premotor and Supplementary motor stimulation

A
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14
Q

Damage to the Supplementary motor cortex often results in

A

Motor apraxia

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15
Q

Motor Apraxia description

A

Inability to perform purposive movement even though no paralysis exists

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16
Q

Damage to the _________________ often results in motor apraxia

A

Supplementary motor cortex

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17
Q

How do you test for motor apraxia?

A

by asking the patient to do complex tasks, using commands such as “Pretend to comb your hair” or “Pretend to strike a match and blow it out” and so on. Patients with apraxia perform awkward movements that only minimally resemble those requested, despite having intact comprehension and an otherwise normal motor exam. This kind of apraxia is sometimes called ideomotor apraxia. In some patients, rather than affecting the distal extremities, apraxia can involve primarily the mouth and face, or movements of the whole body, such as walking or turning around.

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18
Q

Areas 44/45

A

Broca’s Area

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19
Q

Broca’s Area Function

A

Motor or expressive speech center: motor programs for the production of words and projections to muscles used in articulation

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20
Q

Lesions of Broca’s area lead to

A

expressive or motor aphasia

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21
Q

Lesions of _____________ lead to expressive or motor aphasia

A

Broca’s area

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22
Q

Expressive or motor aphasia description

A

characterized as nonfluent because of the slow, prolonged output of words, poor articulation and short sentences containing only the necessary verbs, nouns and pronouns

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23
Q

Lesions limited to Broca’s area aphasia will be

A

mild and transient

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24
Q

lesions to Broca’s area that also includes the adjacent frontal cortex and white matter tracts will be

A

Severe: result in mutism and frequently agraphia

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25
Agraphia
Agraphia is an acquired neurological disorder causing a loss in the ability to communicate through writing, either due to some form of motor dysfunction or an inability to spell.
26
Areas 1, 2 and 3
Somatosensory cortex
27
Somatosensory cortex function
Somatotopic representation of sensory input (sensory homunculus)
28
Somatosensory cortex stimulation results in
sharply localized contralateral sensation
29
Somatosensory cortex lesion
loss of tactile discrimination and proprioception on the contralateral side
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ shows an incredible amount of plascticity as shown by remapping after a crush injury or amputation
Somatosensory cortex
31
Somatosensory cortex neuroplastic?
Yes the sensory cortex shows an incredible amount of plasticity as shown by remapping after a crush injury or amputation
32
Theory of phantom limb sensation
33
Areas 5, 7, 39 and 40
Parietal Association area
34
Parietal Association Area function
orderly or sequential performance of tasks (especially hands)
35
Parietal Association Area stimulation results in?
sharply localized contralateral sensation
36
Lesions of the parietal association area in the dominant hemisphere lead to
Astereognosis (tactile agnosia)
37
tactile agnosia
Tactile agnosia is characterized by the lack of ability to recognize objects through touch. The weight and texture of an object may be perceived, but the person can neither describe it by name nor comprehend its significance or meaning. Tactile agnosia is caused by lesions in the brain’s parietal association area
38
Astereognosis AKA
Tactile agnosia
39
Astereognosis description
(or tactile agnosia if only one hand is affected) is the inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input, such as visual or sensory information.
40
Lesions to the parietal association area on the non-dominant hemisphere lead to
neglect syndrome
41
Neglect syndrome is caused by?
lesions to the parietal association area on the non-dominant hemisphere
42
Neglect syndrome description
Such individuals with right-sided brain damage often fail to be aware of objects to their left, demonstrating neglect of leftward items. The deficit may be so profound that patients are unaware of large objects, even people, towards their neglected or contralesional side - the side of space opposite brain damage. They may eat from only one side of a plate, write on one side of a page, shave or make-up only the non-neglected or ipsilesional side of their face (same side as brain damage). Their drawings may fail to include items towards the neglected side, for example when placing the numbers in a drawing of a clock (Fig.1). Many patients are often also unaware they have a deficit (anosognosia).
43
Area 41
Primary auditory cortex
44
Area 42
Secondary auditory cortex
45
Primary and secondary auditory cortex function
Auditory processing
46
Stimulation to the primary and secondary auditory cortices results in
primary - leads to humming, buzzing, clicking or ringing secondary - leads to a whistle or bell sound
47
Stimulation of this area leads to a whistle of bell sound
Secondary auditory cortex (area 42)
48
Stimulation of this area leads to humming, buzzing, clicking or ringing
primary auditory cortex (area 41)
49
Unilateral lesion to the primary and secondary auditory cortices lead to?
no hearing loss. since. auditory pathways are bilateral but do cause difficulty recognizing direction and distance on the contralateral side
50
Areas 21, 22 and 37
temporal lobe: visual association area
51
Visual association cortex function
Strongly connected to the limbic system and associated with memory
52
Visual association cortex stimulation results in?
Illusions of past events including visual, sounds and emotional content
53
stimulation to this area causes illusions of past events including visual, sounds and emotional content
visual association cortex
54
Left posterior emporal visual association cortex lesion
impaired learning or remembering verbal information
55
Right posterior temporal visual association cortex lesion
impair learning and memory of visually based information
56
Bilateral lesions of the temporal visual association cortex result in
prosopagnosia (the ability to recognize the faces of others)
57
Area 22
Wernicke's Area
58
Wernicke's Area Function
Comprehension and formulation of language
59
Lesions of Wernicke's Area will lead to?
* Receptive or sensory aphasia * it is characterized as a fluent aphasia because production is normal but use of words is impaired * They are fluent, but cannot comprehend language in any form (spoken, heard, or read)
60
Lesions to this area cause Receptive or sensory aphasia
Wernicke's Aphasia
61
Patients with damage to Wernicke's area
* substitute one word for another * insert meaningless words * string together phrases of great length but no meaning * Also leads to Agraphia
62
Broca's Aphasia Repetition
Impaired
63
Broca's Aphasia Fluency
non-fluent
64
Broca's Aphasia comprehension
Intact
65
Broca's Aphasia area?
Inferior frontal gyrus
66
Wernicke's Aphasia Fluency
Fluent
67
Wernicke's Aphasia Comprehension
Impaired
68
Wernicke's Aphasia Area
Superior temporal gyrus
69
Conduction Aphasia Fluency
fluent
70
Conduction Aphasia comprehension
intact
71
Conduction Aphasia area
Arcuate fasiculus
72
Global Aphasia fluency
nonfluent
73
Global Aphasia Comprehension
Imparied
74
Global Aphasia area
all areas affected
75
Global Aphasia Repetition
impaired
76
Conduction Aphasia repetition
impaired
77
Wernicke's Aphasia repetition
Impaired
78
Transcortical motor aphasia Repetition
Intact
79
Transcortical motor aphasia fluency
nonfluent
80
Transcortical motor aphasia comprehension
intact
81
Transcortical motor aphasia Area
Frontal lobe surrounding Broca (which is spared)
82
Transcortical sensory aphasia Repetition
Intact
83
Transcortical sensory aphasia Fluency
fluent
84
Transcortical sensory aphasia comprehension
impaired
85
Transcortical sensory aphasia Area
Temporal lobe around Wernicke (which is spared)
86
Transcortical mixed aphasia Repetition
Intact
87
Transcortical mixed aphasia fluency
Nonfluent
88
Transcortical mixed aphasia comprehension
impaired
89
Transcortical mixed aphasia area
Watershed areas surrounding Broca, Wernicke and Arcuate fasciculus (all spared)
90
Identify
91
Identify
92
Identify areas and associated aphasias 7 listed
93
Identify
94
Identify
95
Areas 17, 18 and 19
Occipital lobe: Visual association
96
Occipital lobe visual association area function
Visual processing (17) perception of color, movement, direction of objects (18&19)
97
Lesion to the Occipital lobe visual association area results in
Association areas (peristriate and parastriate) lead to visual agnosia (inability to recognize objects and their colors)
98
Unilateral lesions of the Primary Visual Cortex lead to (V-I or 17)
contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (loss of half the field of view on the same side of both eyes
99
Describe cerebral pathways
100
Identify functional deficits and areas
101
Identify
102
Identify structure and lobe
103
Identify Lesion effects
104
Granular layer contains what cells
inhibitory cells
105
Molecular layer cells
sparse pop of cells
106
external granular layer cell type
stellate granular inhibitory cells
107
1st 3 layers are primarily
cortico-cortico connections
108
layer 4 is
chief input layer
109
layer 5 is
chief output layer (striatum, brainstem, spinal cord)
110
Layer 6 is
output to thalamus

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