packet 23

Question 1

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder & urethra are all part of the

Answer 1

urinary system

Question 2

Urine flows from each kidney, down its ureter to the bladder and to the outside via

Answer 2

the urethra

Question 3

Urine flows from each kidney, down its ureter to the bladder and to the outside via the urethra

Filter the blood and return most of water and solutes to the bloodstream

Answer 3

urinary system

Question 4

Regulation of blood ionic composition
Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl- and phosphate ions

Regulation of blood pH, osmolarity & glucose

Regulation of blood volume
conserving or eliminating water

Regulation of blood pressure
secreting the enzyme renin
adjusting renal resistance

Release of erythropoietin & calcitriol

Excretion of wastes & foreign substances

Answer 4

overview of kidney function

Question 5

Micro essay

functions of kidneys

Answer 5

1. Regulation of blood ionic composition
2. Regulation of blood pH, osmolarity & glucose
3. Regulation of blood volume
4. Regulation of blood pressure
5. Release of erythropoietin & calcitriol
6. Excretion of wastes & foreign substances

Question 6

4-5 in long, 2-3 in wide,1 in thick
Found just above the waist between the peritoneum & posterior wall of abdomen
retroperitoneal along with adrenal glands & ureters
Protected by 11th & 12th ribs with right kidney lower
kidney bean shaped

Answer 6

external anatomy of kidney

Question 7

Blood vessels & ureter enter hilus of kidney
Renal capsule = transparent membrane maintains organ shape
Adipose capsule that helps protect from trauma
Renal fascia = dense, irregular connective tissue that holds against back body wall

Answer 7

external anatomy of kidney

Question 8

transparent membrane maintains organ shape

Answer 8

renal capsule

Question 9

helps protect from trauma

Answer 9

adipose capsule

Question 10

dense, irregular connective tissue that holds against back body wall

Answer 10

renal fascia

Question 11

parenchyma of kidney and drainage system fills renal sinus cavity

Answer 11

internal anatomy of the kidneys

Question 12

renal cortex = superficial layer of kidney
renal medulla
inner portion consisting of 8-18 cone-shaped renal pyramids separated by renal columns
renal papilla point toward center of kidney

Answer 12

parenchyma of kidney

Question 13

superficial layer of kidney

Answer 13

renal cortex

Question 14

fills renal sinus cavity

cuplike structure (minor calyces) collect urine from the papillary ducts of the papilla

minor & major calyces empty into the renal pelvis which empties into the ureter

Answer 14

drainage system

Question 15

collect urine from the papillary ducts of the papilla

Answer 15

calyces

Question 16

Outline a major calyx & the border between cortex & medulla.

Answer 16

internal anatomy of kidney

Question 17

Abundantly supplied with blood vessels
receive 25% of resting cardiac output via renal arteries
Functions of different capillary beds
glomerular capillaries where filtration of blood occurs
vasoconstriction & vasodilation of afferent & efferent arterioles produce large changes in renal filtration
peritubular capillaries that carry away reabsorbed substances from filtrate
vasa recta supplies nutrients to medulla without disrupting its osmolarity form
Sympathetic vasomotor nerves regulate blood flow & renal resistance by altering arterioles

Answer 17

blood and nerve supply of kidney

Question 18

filtration of blood occurs

vasoconstriction & vasodilation of afferent & efferent arterioles produce large changes in renal filtration

Answer 18

glomerular capillaries

Question 19

afferent=

efferent=

Answer 19

arrive

leave

Question 20

carry away reabsorbed substances from filtrate

Answer 20

peritubular capillaries

Question 21

supplies nutrients to medulla without disrupting its osmolarity form

Answer 21

vasa recta

Question 22

Functions of different capillary beds

Answer 22

1. glomerular capillaries where filtration of blood occurs
2. peritubular capillaries that carry away reabsorbed substances from filtrate
3. vasa recta supplies nutrients to medulla without disrupting its osmolarity form

Question 23

Glomerular capillaries are formed between the afferent & efferent arterioles
Efferent arterioles give rise to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

Answer 23

blood vessel around nephron

Question 24

Kidney has over 1 million composed of a corpuscle and tubule
Renal corpuscle
renal tubule
collecting ducts and papillary ducts

Answer 24

nephron

Question 25

site of plasma filtration - -glomerulus is capillaries where filtration occurs - -glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule is double-walled epithelial cup that collects filtrate

Answer 25

renal corpuscle

Question 26

- proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle dips down into medulla - distal convoluted tubule

Answer 26

renal tubule

Question 27

drain urine to the renal pelvis and ureter

Answer 27

collecting ducts and papillary ducts

Question 28

80-85% of nephrons are cortical nephrons Renal corpuscles are in outer cortex and loops of Henle lie mainly in cortex

Answer 28

cortical nephron

Question 29

15-20% of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons Renal corpuscles close to medulla and long loops of Henle extend into deepest medulla: excretion of dilute or concentrated urine

Answer 29

juxtamedullary nephron

Question 30

Single layer of epithelial cells forms walls of entire tube Distinctive features due to function of each region --microvilli --cuboidal versus simple --hormone receptors

Answer 30

histology of the nephron and collecting duct

Question 31

surrounds capsular space - podocytes cover capillaries to form visceral layer - simple squamous cells form parietal layer of capsule

Answer 31

bowman's capsule

Question 32

arise from afferent arteriole & form a ball before emptying into efferent arteriole

Answer 32

glomerular capillaries

Question 33

Bowman’s capsule surrounds capsular space --podocytes cover capillaries to form visceral layer --simple squamous cells form parietal layer of capsule Glomerular capillaries arise from afferent arteriole & form a ball before emptying into efferent arteriole

Answer 33

structure of renal corpuscle

Question 34

Remains constant from birth any increase in size of kidney is size increase of individual nephrons If injured, no replacement occurs Dysfunction is not evident until function declines by 25% of normal (other nephrons handle the extra work) Removal of one kidney causes enlargement of the remaining until it can filter at 80% of normal rate of 2 kidneys

Answer 34

number of nephrons