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Packet 29 Flashcards

1
Q

Prior to ovulation, completely different hormones are at play; ______surges approximately a day before egg release

A

luteinizing hormone

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2
Q

from day 8 until 4 months secretes hCG which keeps corpus luteum active

corpus luteum produces progesterone & estrogen to maintain lining of uterus

A

chorion

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3
Q

keeps corpus luteum active

A

hCG

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4
Q

produces progesterone & estrogen to maintain lining of uterus

A

corpus luteum

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5
Q

by 4th month produces enough progesterone & estrogen that corpus luteum is no longer important

relaxin which relaxes CT of pelvis and cervix

human chorionic somatomammotropoin (hCS) or human placental lactogen (hPL)
maximum amount by 32 weeks
helps prepare mammary glands for lactation

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) increases secretion of fetal cortisol (lung maturation) & acts to establish timing of birth

A

placenta

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6
Q

by 4th month produces enough progesterone & estrogen that corpus luteum is

A

not important

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7
Q

relaxes CT of pelvis and cervix

A

relaxin

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8
Q

maximum amount by 32 weeks

helps prepare mammary glands for lactation

A

human placental lactogen (hPL)

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9
Q

increases secretion of fetal cortisol (lung maturation) & acts to establish timing of birth

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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10
Q

produced by the chorion is less important after 4 months, because the placenta takes over the hormonal secretion of the corpus luteum

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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11
Q

Uterus nearly fills the abdominal cavity

GI tract compressed causing heartburn & constipation

Pressure on bladder causing changes in frequency & urgency

Compression of vena cava causing varicose veins & edema in the legs

Compression of renal vessels causing renal hypertension

A

maternal changes during pregnancy

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12
Q

rise in cardiac output of 20-30% due to placenta

increase in heart rate 15% & increase in blood volume 30-50%

A

cardiovascular changes

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13
Q

increase in tidal volume 30%

decrease in expiratory reserve volume & airway resistance

minute respiratory volume increases as O2 needs increase

A

respiratory changes

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14
Q

uterus increases in size from 80 g to 1200g

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

A

reproductive system changes

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15
Q

increase in glomerular filtration rate of 40%

A

urinary system

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16
Q

giving birth

A

paturition

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17
Q

is the process of expelling the fetus

A

labor

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18
Q

Labor begins when progesterone’s inhibition is overcome by an

on test

A

increase in the levels of estrogen

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19
Q

inhibits uterine contraction

A

progesterone

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20
Q

placenta stimulates fetal anterior pituitary which causes fetal adrenal gland to secrete

A

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

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21
Q

placenta converts DHEA to

A

estrogen

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22
Q

___ overcomes progesterone and labor begins

23
Q

Uterine contraction forces fetal head into cervix (stretch)

Nerve impulses reach hypothalamus causing release of oxytocin

Oxytocin causes more contractions producing more stretch of cervix & more nerve impulses

A

positive feedback during labor

24
Q

stages of labor

A

dilation
expulsion
placental

25
6 to 12 hours rupture of amniotic sac & dilation of cervix
dilation
26
10 minutes to several hours baby moves through birth canal
expulsion
27
30 minutes afterbirth is expelled by muscular contractions
placental
28
after cord is cut, increased CO2 levels in blood cause muscular contractions and first breath breathing rate begins at 45/minute for the first 2 weeks & declines to reach normal rate
adjustments of the infant at birth in the respiratory system
29
foramen ovale closes at moment of birth ductus arteriosus & umbilical vein close down by muscle contractions & become ligaments pulse rate slows down (120 to 160 at birth) increase in rate of RBC & hemoglobin formation
adjustments of the infant at birth in the cardiovascular system
30
production & release of milk
lactation
31
____ from anterior pituitary increases during pregnancy, but ___ inhibits effects of prolactin until after delivery
prolactin progesterone
32
After delivery, progesterone levels drop & suckling increases the release of
prolactin and oxytocin
33
cloudy fluid released for few days
colostrum
34
True milk produced by
4th day
35
If suckling stops
milk secretion stops
36
Passing of hereditary traits from one generation to the next
inheritance
37
all human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)
genotype
38
similar locations on each pair of chromosomes code for the same trait
alleles
39
if one allele controls the express of a trait, it is the
dominant allele
40
if the other allele is completely masked it is the
recessive allele
41
a person with the same alleles on both chromosomes is said to be the trait is having different alleles on homologous chromosomes ---carries of a recessive gene
homozygous heterozygous
42
genetic makeup
genotype
43
outward expression of your genes
phenotype
44
method of showing 4 possible genetic combinations in offspringof 2 individuals
punnett square
45
Error in meiosis called ___ | --chromosomes fail to separate properly
nondisjunctions
46
cell with one or more extra or missing chromosomes is called an
aneuploid
47
is missing a chromosome has an extra chromosome
(2n-1) | 2n+1
48
Error in meiosis called __ - --location of chromosome segment is moved - --crossing-over between 2 nonhomologous chromosomes
translocation
49
results from a portion of chromosome 21 becoming part of another chromosome
down syndrome
50
Neither member of an allelic pair is dominant over the other --- resulting phenotype is intermediate
incomplete domincance
51
individuals have both HbA & HbS | suffer from only minor problems with anemia since have both normal & sickle-cell hemoglobin
Sickle-cell trait
52
individuals have 2HbS alleles produce sickle-cell hemoglobin suffer from severe anemia
Sickle-cell anemic
53
sickle cell inheritance
-1 normal -2 embryos will be sickle-cell trait -1 sickle-cell anemia

A&P II (30 decks)

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