passmed !!!!!!! Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
pale retina
A
central retinal artery occlusion
2
Q
causes of papilloedema
A
- space-occupying lesion: neoplastic, vascular
- malignant hypertension
- idiopathic intracranial hypertension
- hydrocephalus
- hypercapnia
3
Q
how do beta blockers work in glaucoma
A
decrease production of aqueous fluid
4
Q
complication of mydriatic drops
A
acute angle closure glaucoma
5
Q
management for someone with an organic foreign body in their eye
A
refer to opthalmology that day
6
Q
how does latanoprost work in glaucoma
A
-increasing uveoscleral outflow
prostaglandin analogue
7
Q
what organism for contact lens keratitis
A
psuedomonas
8
Q
treatment for patients with temporal arteritis and vision loss
A
IV methylprednisolone
9
Q
what are stag horn calculi composed of
A
struvite
10
Q
isolated raise in ALP
A
PAGETS
11
Q
what does renal cell carcinoma look like on CT scan
A
mass with contain solid and liquid components
12
Q
which thyroid cancer has family inheritance
A
medullary
13
Q
which GN can be caused by HIV
A
FSGS
14
Q
first line management of osteomalacia
A
vitamin D supplements
15
Q
most common std organism for septic arthritis
A
gonorrhea
16
Q
hyponatraemia after removal of a ureteric stone
A
salt-losing nephropathy
17
Q
what nerve is most likely to be injured in a mid humeral shaft fracture
A
radial nerve
18
Q
treatment if someone has undescended testes at the age of 30
A
remove it
19
Q
is acromegaly associated with diabetes
A
yes
20
Q
which ventricular hypertrophy is acromegaly associated with
A
left ventricular hypertrophy
21
Q
management for paraphimosis
A
soak the foreskin and then put it back manually
22
Q
tender pea-sized nodule in the upper pole of testes
A
torsion of testicular appendage
23
Q
commonest cause of addisons in the UK
A
autoimmune
24
Q
what do medullary thyroid cancers secrete
A
calcitonin (amyloid)
25
what type of cells are found in medullary thyroid cancer
polygonal cells
26
which chromosome has the defect in medullary thyroid cancer
chromosome 10
27
complication of pagets
malignancy
28
which drugs can worsen psoriasis
bisoprolol
29
causes of pyoderma gangrenosum
- UC/crohns
- rheumatoid arthritis/SLE
- lymphoma
- GPA
- primary biliary cirrhosis
30
what hypersensitivity for contact/allergic dermatitis
type 4
31
what nerve fibres are responsible for pupillary constriction
parasympathetic
32
what is the pathophysiology behind dupuytren's contracture
- excessive myofibroblast proliferation
- altered collagen matrix composition
- this leads to thickened fascia
- then fixed flexion deformity
33
what area of the eye has the highest concentration of cones
fovea
34
what affect does increasing the venomotor tone have on the heart
increases venous return to the heart
35
what nerve crosses the posterior triangle of the neck
accessory nerve
36
what is the best genetic test for chromosomal imbalance in a 4 year old with learning difficulties
array comparative genomic hybridisation
37
how long is the PR interval in an ECG
0. 12-0.2
| - represents AV nodal delya
38
what is the p wave caused by
atrial depolarisation
39
how long is the QRS complex
<0.12 seconds
40
what drug could precipitate and acute attack of gout and why
allopurinol
| -causes rapid lowering of serum uric acid which can (rarely) precipitate an acute attack
41
what test should be done before performing a lumbar puncture
clotting screen
42
what is hallux rigidus
a form of osteoarthritis which occurs when the cartilage within the joint wears out
-usually in the big toe
43
projectile vomiting in child
pyloric stenosis
44
bile coloured vomit
volvulus
45
eye manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis
scleritis
46
most common cause of reduced CD4 count
HIV
47
what is cataract surgery called
phacoemulsification
48
what type of keratitis for swimming pool with contact lenses on
bacterial
49
whereabouts in the eye is the blind spot
optic disc
50
facial palsy + swelling at angle of the jaw
parotid gland adenocarcinoma
51
which chromosome for ADPKD
16
52
what is distal hypoperfusion ischaemic syndrome
complication of an AV fistula
- shunting of the blood flow through the fistula and distal ischaemia
- results in ulcers and necrosis on the hands
53
initial investigation in a man with fertility problems
semen analysis
54
do melanomas bleed
yes they can
| -very concerning factor
55
management of erythrodermic psoriasis
urgent hospital admission
56
treatment of advanced prostate cancer
- GnRH agonists (goserelin)
| - anti-androgens (apalutamide)
57
what is epidermolysis bullosa
breakdown of anchoring between dermis and epidermis
57
what is epidermolysis bullosa
breakdown of anchoring between dermis and epidermis
58
which insulin do you give once a day
bolus
59
example of a soluble insulin
actrapid
60
give an example of an insulin analogue
NovoRapid
61
example of a long acting insulin
lantus
62
complications of pagets
- deafness
- cardiac failure
- fractures
- skull thickening
63
what DMARD causes interstitial pneumonitis
methotrexate
64
what rheumatoid drugs are nephrotoxic
- gold
| - penicillamine
65
at what age can a child build a tower of 3 bricks and enjoy picture books
18 months
66
what type of blood does the placental artery carry
deoxygenated
67
what type of blood does the placental vein carry
oxygenated
68
where is the virus reactivated in ramsay hunt syndrome
the geniculate ganglion of CN 7
69
causes of central scotoma
dry ARMD
| optic neurits
70
first line investigation for hydrocele
doppler USS with colour
71
what GFR for stage 3 CKD
30-60
72
what trimester does gestational diabetes usually occur in
third
73
what drug can cause hypothyroidism
amiodarone
74
what is pseudohypoparathyroidism
failure of cells to respond to PTH
75
signs of pseudohypoparathyroidism
- short fingers
- round face
- short stature
- calcified basal ganglia
76
what is pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism
same as pseudohypoparathyroidism but normal biochemistry
77
what medication is given pre-op for a laparoscopic adrenalectomy in conn's
spironolactone
78
treatment for bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
spironolactone or eplerenone
79
cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism
- reduced renal blood flow leads to excess renin
- and then excess angiotensin II
- so then loads of aldosterone
80
what drug for hirtuism
metformin
81
genotype for kleinfelter's
47XXY
| symptoms: infertile, small firm testes
82
what are the three histological types of pituitary tumour
- chromophobe (most common)
- acidophil (secrete GH and PRL)
- basophil (secrete ACTH)
83
where do craniopharyngiomas originate from?
Rathke's pouch
84
what type of deficiency causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia
21 alpha hydroxylase
85
what is sheehan syndrome
a condition that affects women who lose a life-threatening amount of blood or have severe or low blood pressure during or after childbirth
- causes damage to the pituitary stalk
- symptoms of hypopituitarism
86
what drugs for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy
- prophylthiouracil in first trimester
- carbimazole 2nd/3rd trimester
but try and avoid both and just control with beta blockers
87
what drug class is phenoxybenzamine
alpha blocker
88
what drugs do you give before phaechromocytoma surgery
beta blockers and alpha blockers
89
what drug class is spironolactone
aldosterone antagonist
90
what drug for ascites
aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone)
91
mechanism of action of orlistat
pancreatic lipase inhibitor
92
what is the first indicator of diabetic nephropathy
microalbuminuria
93
screening for diabetic nephropathy
ACR ratio
94
features seen in grave's and not other thyroid problems
eye signs (30% of patients)
- exophthalmos
- ophthalmoplegia
pretibial myxoedema
thyroid acropachy, a triad of:
- digital clubbing
- soft tissue swelling of the hands and feet
- periosteal new bone formation
