random principles facts

Question 1

what gene does cystic fibrosis occur in

Answer 1

CFTR

Question 2

what are multi-lobed nuclei

Answer 2

neutrophils

Question 3

what do S2, 3 and 4 do?

Answer 3

inivates the lavita ani (keep the pelvis off the floor

Question 4

what do C3, 4 and 5 do

Answer 4

keep the diaphragm alive (phrenic nerve)

Question 5

what happens when sodium enters a cell

Answer 5

potassium exits

Question 6

when should you use anti-microbial soap and water

Answer 6

• if your hands are visibly soiled
• been in contact with body fluids
• dealing with c.diff or MRSA

Question 7

what can herpes simplex virus do?

Answer 7

stay in the body in a latent state and reactivate to cause a disease

Question 8

what is the most common place missed during hand washing

Answer 8

the folds behind the thumb

Question 9

what is efficacy

Answer 9

the ability of an agonist to evoke a cellular response

Question 10

what happens in sepsis

Answer 10

there is a decrease in circulating blood volume due to endotoxins causing vasodilation and intravascular fluid to leak into adjacent tissue

Question 11

what is C3 activated by in the complement system

Answer 11

the classical and alternative lectin pathways

Question 12

what is a granuloma

Answer 12

a collection of macrophages that is a manifestation of an inflammatory process

Question 13

what do sarcoidosis granulomas contain

Answer 13

epithelioid macrophages and Langhans type giance cells

Question 14

where is the thoracic duct

Answer 14

between azygous and oesophagus

the duck between two gooses

Question 15

how would malignancy show in a nucleus

Answer 15

enlarged and pleomorphic nuclei

Question 16

what does GLUT do

Answer 16

passive facilitated diffusion for glucose transport in the gut

Question 17

what is the diencephalon formed by

Answer 17

the hypothalamus and the thalamus

Question 18

what does the diencephalon have connections to

Answer 18

the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

Question 19

what is the periosteum

Answer 19

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints

Question 20

what is the perineum

Answer 20

the area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva

Question 21

what is the perimetrium

Answer 21

outer serosa layer of the uterus

Question 22

whats the black bag for

Answer 22

paper towels and empty medication blister packs

Question 23

whats the orange bag for

Answer 23

non-sharp clinical waste

Question 24

at what point in the ABCDE would blood sugar level be checked

Answer 24

D

Question 25

what artery is used for bp

Answer 25

brachial

Question 26

what is pinocytosis

Answer 26

the ingestion of extracellular fluids by cells

Question 27

what two types of cells are predominantly found in granulation tissue

Answer 27

endothelial cells and myofibroblasts

Question 28

how does increased intracellular calcium lead to cell death

Answer 28

by increasing mitochondrial permeability

Question 29

what is the initial response to the vascular phase of acute inflammation

Answer 29

arteriole dilatation

Question 30

what describes the stage of human development where genetic testing can be done on the ball of cells?

Answer 30

morula

Question 31

where are lipids produced

Answer 31

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 32

what polarised, cohesive sheets line the abdominal cavity

Answer 32

epithelium

Question 33

what organ contains striated cells that are branched, and have a single nucleus that is located near the centre?

Answer 33

the heart

Question 34

what are the layers of an artery, from outermost to innermost?

Answer 34

tunica adventitia, external elastic membrane, tunica media, internal elastic membrane and tunica intima

Question 35

which mechanism is used for ATP synthesis in the glycolytic pathway

Answer 35

photophosphorylation

Question 36

what happens when a stop codon is reached by a ribosome

Answer 36

a termination protein binds to the codon and is used to release the growing peptide from the p site tRNA. Ribosome is likely to dissociate

Question 37

what is the rate of reaction in reduction of pyruvate to lactate matched by?

Answer 37

the NADH regeneration by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 38

give an example of a transcription factor that binds to a specific DNA sequence

Answer 38

TATA box binding protein

Question 39

does heat exposure increase or decrease muscle tone

Answer 39

decreases

Question 40

what molecules function as PRRs

Answer 40

lectin-like molecules

Question 41

which immunoglobins are relevant to viral infections

Answer 41

IgG and IgM

Question 42

what is endotoxic shock caused by

Answer 42

lipopolysaccharides

Question 43

describe a gram positive bacteria

Answer 43

a prokaryote that contains a single cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a relatively thick multi-layered cell wall that often contains a secondary polymer in addition to a peptidoglycan

Question 44

what antibiotics are taken up in the active form and reduced in the cytoplasm of the micro-organism leading to DNA damage

Answer 44

metronidazole (nitroimidazole)

Question 45

which protein causes rapid proliferation of tumour cells

Answer 45

c-myc

Question 46

what things cause a right shift in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 46

Hyperthermia, hypercapnia, acidosis and sickle cell disease