Path II

Question 1

common cause of alzheimer type II astrocytes

Answer 1

hepatic encephalopathy

Question 2

when does irreversible injury occur in neurons in hypoxic or ischemic conditions

Answer 2

5-10 minutes

Question 3

red neurons appear when

Answer 3

12-24 hours after death

Question 4

most important histopathologic indicator of chronic CNs injury

Answer 4

gliosis

Question 5

gliosis

Answer 5

astrocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy

asctrocytes have GFAP

Question 6

what lines central canal

Answer 6

ependyma

Question 7

what supplies blood to the choroid plexus

Answer 7

choroidal branches of internal carotid and basilar aa

Question 8

what is blood supply to choroid plexus in 4th ventricle

Answer 8

PICA

Question 9

majoirty CSF produced where

Answer 9

in the lateral ventricles

Question 10

movement of CSF is controlled by

Answer 10

pulstaion of aa

aid of cilia and microvilli of ependymal cells

Question 11

factors that facilitate flow of CSF in subarachnoid space

Answer 11

pulsation of cerebral and spinal aa
movements of the vertebral column
respiration and coughing
changing of positions

Question 12

what aa is implicated in epidural bleeds

Answer 12

middle meningeal from the anterior cerebral

Question 13

epidural space is between what layers

Answer 13

calvaria and periosteal layer dura

Question 14

subdural layer

Answer 14

between meningeal dura and arachnoid mater

Question 15

subarachnoid space

Answer 15

not real space

between arachnoid and pia mater

Question 16

what type of brain bleed can cause blood in lumbar puncture

Answer 16

sub arachnoid because blood can get into the CSF

Question 17

what controls CSF P

Answer 17

the rate of absorption of CSF by the arachnoid granulations

Question 18

what is virchow robbins space

Answer 18

space that surrounds vessels in brain except end at level of capillaries

Question 19

what happens when inflammatory cells get into virchow robbins soace

Answer 19

BB altered secondary to inflammation and the brain parenchyma becomes edematous with neutrophils

Question 20

what can cause blood in CSF

Answer 20

accidental puncture of leptomeningeal vein when doing puncture
subarachnoid hemoorhage

Question 21

how is CSF evaluated for blood

Answer 21

do many tubes consecutive and see if blood clears. if it doesn’t then probably subarachonid hemorrhage and not puncture of a during lumbar puncture

Question 22

what causes the blonde color or xatnthochromia of CSF after subarachnoid bleed

Answer 22

oxyhemoglobin which apperas in 4-6 hrs and bilirubin

Question 23

what else can cause xanthocrhomia of CSF

Answer 23

hemorrhagic infarcts, brain tumors and jaundice

Question 24

causes of bloody CSF

Answer 24

SAH
Intracerebral hemorrhage
cerebral infarct
traumatic spinal tap

Question 25

brown xanthocrhomia

Answer 25

meningeal mets melanoma

Question 26

hemosiderin laden macrophages in CSF

Answer 26

from SAH

Question 27

what can cause increased CSF neutrophils

Answer 27

``` meningitis other infections cerebral abscess, AIDS related CMV after seizure after CNS hemorrhage CNS infarct repeated lumbar puncture injection foreign material in subarachnoid space mets ```

Question 28

what can cause increase CSF lymphocytosis

Answer 28

``` meningitis usually viral degenerative disorders MS, Drug abuse encephalopathy guillain barre! other inflammatory disorders ```

Question 29

tumor cells in CSF

Answer 29

ALL blast cells with scant blue cytoplasm fine chromatin and 1-2 nuclei

Question 30

most common cancers mets to brain

Answer 30

carcinomas

Question 31

CSF rinorrhea

Answer 31

badness! disrupted barrier between sinonasal cavity and ant/middle cranial fossa can cause infections!! to brain!

Question 32

beta 2 transferrin

Answer 32

located in CSF, perilymph and aqueous humor

Question 33

single best lab test to detect CSF in sinonasal fluid

Answer 33

beta 2 transferrin

Question 34

spontaneous CSF rinorrhea

Answer 34

secondary to an intracranial process, like elvated intracranial P

Question 35

what is encephalocele

Answer 35

when brain parenchyma herniates through a defect

Question 36

double ring sign

Answer 36

CSF

Question 37

what are the rings of CSF

Answer 37

internal is blood and outer is CSF

Question 38

localization of leak of CSF

Answer 38

inject intrathecal fluorescein to locate

Question 39

primary tumors assoc with ventricles

Answer 39

choroid plexus papilloma ependymoma choroid plexus carcinoma (rare)

Question 40

choroid plexus papilloma presentation

Answer 40

rare | increased CSF can lead to hydrocephalus or an obstruction too

Question 41

choroid plexus papilloma location children vs adults

Answer 41

lateral ventricle in children | 4th ventricle in adults

Question 42

age of ependymoma

Answer 42

children and adolescents

Question 43

location of ependymoma

Answer 43

4th ventricle | block cSF and cause hydrocephalus

Question 44

rossettes and pseudorosettes

Answer 44

ependymoma