Path XV

Question 1

Sympathetic opthalmia

Answer 1

non infectious grnaulomatous inflammation of uvea of both eyes

Question 2

what can cause sympathetic opthalmia

Answer 2

trauma to one eye causing Ag to be visible to immune system and have delayed HS reaction in other eye as well
activates 2 weeks - many years post injury

Question 3

risk factors for mortality with uveal melanoma

Answer 3

larger tumor size, anterior eye location, extraocular extension

Question 4

mets in uveal melanoma

Answer 4

2-4 years from time of Dx

usually liver

Question 5

Tx uveal melanoma

Answer 5

globe conserving:
bradytherapy
charge particle therapy
enucleation: large tumor or orbital or optic nerve involvement

Question 6

zonular fibers extend from

Answer 6

pars plicata to lens

Question 7

what keeps lens from falling back into posterior eye

Answer 7

lens

Question 8

where do cataracts form

Answer 8

in corneal stroma and bowmans layer

Question 9

Sx cataracts

Answer 9

diminished acuity
glare
myopic shift
monocular diplopia

Question 10

open angle glaucoma

Answer 10

aqueous humor has access to trabecular meshwork

increase IOP from increased R to aqueous outflow in open angle

Question 11

most common glaucoma

Answer 11

open angle

Question 12

mutations assoc with open angle

Answer 12

myocilin MYOC

optineurin OPTN

Question 13

angle closure glaucoma

Answer 13

peripheral zone iris adheres to trabecular meshwork and impedes the outflow of aqueous humor from eye

Question 14

cupping in eye

Answer 14

increased IOP

Question 15

what are the tumors of glial cells

Answer 15

astrocytomas:
glioblastoma multiforme
oligodendroglioma
ependymoma- choroic plexus plexus papilla

Question 16

types of neuronal tumors

Answer 16

ganglioglioma
gangliocytoma
central neurocytoma

Question 17

what are the embryonal tumors of neuroglial cells

Answer 17

medulloblastoma

Question 18

what is difference of intra axial or extra axial tumor in brain

Answer 18

intra means in neuro tissue

extra axial means extrinsic to brain

Question 19

what are extra axial tumors in head

Answer 19

meningioma and schwannoma

Question 20

are astrocytomas intra axial or extra

Answer 20

intra

Question 21

terms associated with malignant tumors

Answer 21

cellular atypia, loss of differentiation

Question 22

common genetic mutation in low grade astrocytoma

Answer 22

tp53

isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation

Question 23

which astrocytoma does not have the tp53 mutation

Answer 23

pilocytic astrocytoma

Question 24

what mutations are associated with anaplastic astrocytoma-glioblastoma

Answer 24

EGFR amplification
PTEN alteration (chromosome 10q loss)

Question 25

what mutations are associated with oligodendroglioma

Answer 25

1p and 19q codeletion

Question 26

what mutation associated with medulloblastoma

Answer 26

isochromosome 17q

Question 27

mutation with atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumor

Answer 27

loss 22q

Question 28

mutation meningioma

Answer 28

loss 22q

Question 29

mutaiton in schwannomas

Answer 29

loss of 22q, mutations of NF2 gene

Question 30

gene and locus for Li Fraumeni

Answer 30

TP53/17p astrocytoma breast carcinoma, bone and soft tissue sarcoma

Question 31

familial syndromes with increased risk CNS tumors

Answer 31

NF1 NF2 VHL, li fraumeni | TS, Gorlin

Question 32

CNS tumor in NF1 patients

Answer 32

b/l optic nerve astrocytomas plexiform neurofibromas malignant peripheral nerve tumors

Question 33

17q mutation

Answer 33

neurofibromin | autodominant

Question 34

non CNS affects of NF1 patients

Answer 34

cafe au lait dysplasia of sphenoid wing skeletal abnormalities fibromuscular dysplasia of aa

Question 35

infections that can cause intracranial mass lesion

Answer 35

cerebral abscess toxoplasmosis TB

Question 36

hemorrhages in CNS

Answer 36

hematoma | hemorrhagic mets

Question 37

astrocytic tumors

Answer 37

pilocytic diffuse other

Question 38

what grade is pilocytic astrocytoma

Answer 38

Grade I

Question 39

what grade is diffuse astrocytoma

Answer 39

grades II III IV

Question 40

worst type of astrocytoma

Answer 40

glioblastoma

Question 41

why are medulloblastomas common in children

Answer 41

``` high maturation in cerebellum periventricular cells (small blue cells) ```

Question 42

meningiomas can induce what

Answer 42

herniation like syndromes

Question 43

meningiomas arise from what

Answer 43

meningoepithelial cells of arachnoid

Question 44

mutation meningioma

Answer 44

22q | merlin protein loss of function

Question 45

NF2 patients have increased risk for what CNS tumor post radiation

Answer 45

meningioma

Question 46

meningioma in skull | mets?

Answer 46

no grows into skull | not mets

Question 47

tumor cells in whorls with hyalinized and calcified centers called psammoma bodies

Answer 47

meningiomas

Question 48

most common group of primary brain tumors

Answer 48

gliomas: astrocytoma oligodendrogliomas ependymomas

Question 49

gliomas arrive from what

Answer 49

stem cell progenitors

Question 50

2 major categories of astrocytic tumors

Answer 50

infiltrating | more localized: pilocytic

Question 51

what are the infiltrating astrocytomas

Answer 51

diffuse anaplastic glioblastoma