Path III

Question 1

2 components of traumatic brain injury

Answer 1

impact

movement of brain in skull

Question 2

types of skull fractures

Answer 2

depression
composed
hairline
subdural

Question 3

rupture of bridging veins cause what

Answer 3

subdural bleed

crescent

Question 4

cerebral a rupture cause what bleed

Answer 4

subarachnoid

Question 5

most comon bleed on impact

Answer 5

epidural

Question 6

middle meningeal is a branch of what

Answer 6

external carotid

Question 7

sub dural bleeds are more common in what populations

Answer 7

older adults and infants because that subdural space is greater, greater tension on impact and brain has more room to move and get hurt

Question 8

half moon hemorrhage

Answer 8

subdural

Question 9

a chronic subdural bleed will appear what density on CT

Answer 9

hyper

Question 10

hematocrit effect

Answer 10

subacute re bleeding into previous hemorrhaged areas

subdural hematoma

Question 11

hygroma

Answer 11

chronic subdural hematoma

Question 12

what type necrosis in chronic subdural hematoma

Answer 12

liquefactive

Question 13

vertebral aa traverse what vertebrae

Answer 13

C6- C1

Question 14

what occurs if laceration of basilar or vertebral a

Answer 14

acute bleed into subarachnoid space

= death

Question 15

secondary problem of blood in subarachnoid space

Answer 15

toxic to other aa and cause vasopasms which dec perfusino more, Cx affected first
leakage of cell fluid cause edema
! uh oh

Question 16

triad os shakey baby syndrome

Answer 16

encephalopathy
subdural hematomas
retinal hemorrhages

Question 17

subdural hematomas in shakey baby syndrome locaed where

Answer 17

interhemispheric fissure usually

Question 18

what occurs to brain and components in shakey baby syndrome

Answer 18

diffuse axonal injury from white matter strecthing

also eventually develop brain atrophy

Question 19

what is a contusion

Answer 19

hemorrhagic necrosis of brain tissue

Question 20

common contusion areas

Answer 20

orbital surfaces of frontal lobes and tips of temporal lobes

Question 21

what is counter coup

Answer 21

contusions that develop opp impact because brain is whiplashed

Question 22

what part of brain most prone to acceleration decelerations injuries

Answer 22

deep white matter

Question 23

mod severe axonal injury can lead to what

Answer 23

wallerian degeneration

Question 24

what is diffuse axonal injury

Answer 24

white matter/axons stretched

usually MVA or blows to unsupported head

Question 25

what is used to measure DAI

Answer 25

beta amyloid precursor protein because will build up if cannot be transported down axon

Question 26

common location DAI lesion

Answer 26

corpus callosum

Question 27

stain for beta amyloid precursor protein

Answer 27

IHC stain

Question 28

axonal swelling that is red

Answer 28

NOT red neuron | DAI

Question 29

red neurons with spherules

Answer 29

red neurons

Question 30

area of CNS subject to highest twisting force in sagittal roration of hemispheres

Answer 30

the upper brainstem | reticular system

Question 31

cumulative concussions can cause

Answer 31

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Question 32

chronic traumatic encephlopathy

Answer 32

dementia | football players

Question 33

tau stain

Answer 33

used for chronic traumatic encephalopathy because the tau protein collects on rim of Cx

Question 34

role of tau

Answer 34

microtubule stabilization

Question 35

tau fibrils also accumulate with what disease

Answer 35

alzheimers

Question 36

high levels tau protein in CSF linked to what

Answer 36

poor recovery after head trauma

Question 37

what are delayed neurological complications

Answer 37

seizures, infection, aneurysm, hydrocephalus swelling hematoma, increased pressure

Question 38

subfalcin herniation is where and can cause what

Answer 38

the main falx herniates to a side can compress anterior cerebral a infarction though this is rare

Question 39

what is a central herniation and what can it cause

Answer 39

brain herniating down VI compressed- lateral gaze palsy b/l uncal herniation causing hemiparesis or full paresis

Question 40

What is uncal transtentorial herniation

Answer 40

where uncus herniates into tentorium

Question 41

signs uncal transtentorial herniation

Answer 41

3rd cranial nerve compromised- blown pupil corticospinal tract- hemiplegia could compress posterior cerebral a-- primary visual Cx

Question 42

What is tonsillar herniation

Answer 42

the tonsils herniate

Question 43

signs tonsillar herniation

Answer 43

respiratory and cardiac effects | death

Question 44

general Sx of inc intracranial P

Answer 44

``` HA altered mental status nausea vomiting papilledema visual loss diplopia cushings triad: HTN, bradycardia, irregular respirations ```

Question 45

how does brain compensate for inc intracranial mass

Answer 45

reduce CSF and blood volume

Question 46

Duret hemorrhage

Answer 46

pons and brainstem | small lineal bleeds

Question 47

kernohans phenomenon

Answer 47

in uncal herniation where you get compression of posterior limb internal capsule so ipsilateralhemiplegia from contralateral corticospinal compression