Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam 1/2 Anatomy and Physiology > Physiology - General > Flashcards

Physiology - General Flashcards

1
Q

_____ fluid is found outside of the cells which includes intravascular and interstitial compartments. Accounts for 20% of all body weight.

A

Extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____ fluid is found inside of cells.

A

Intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

______ fluid is fluid OUTSIDE cells and INSIDE blood vessels.

A

Intravascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

______ fluid is OUTSIDE of cells and OUTSIDE of vessels.

A

Interstitial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

___% of fluid is interstitial.

A

16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

____% of fluid is intravascular.

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An adult human is comprised of ____% of water.

A

50-60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ is the movement of water through semipermeable membranes.

A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In osmosis, _______ energy is needed and water moves from a ___ concentration to _________ concentration.

A

No; Low; High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_____ is the liquid of a solution.

A

Solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_____ is the substance within a solution.

A

Solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_____ is movement of solvent.

A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Partial pressures are found?

A

Measuring gases dissolved in liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pAO2 should be?

A

80-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pACO2 should be?

A

35-45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A _____ solution has a higher concentration of solute than that inside of the cell.

A

Hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A hypertonic solution causes cells to ______.

A

Shrink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A ____ solution is one in which the solute concentration is lower than that inside of the cell.

A

Hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A hypotonic solution causes cells to ____.

A

Swell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

An _____ solution has equal molecules inside and outside of cells.

A

Isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_____ fluid makes up 40% of total body weight.

A

Intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sodium bicarb and D50 are examples of ____ solutions.

A

Hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

0.45% NS and D5W are examples of _____ solutions.

A

Hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

____ is a bicarbonate isotonic solution.

A

LR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Diffusion is a ____ process.

A

Passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

____ moves particles from area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two types of carrier molecules?

A

Proteins

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two types of mediated transport?

A

Active

Facilitated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Active transport is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances from areas of ____ concentration to _____.

A

Lower; higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Active transport works ___ gradient.

A

Against

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Diffusion is faster than?

A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Active transport is faster than?

A

Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

______ is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances into and out of cells from high to low concentrations.

A

Facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Three drugs given to treat pulmonary edema

A

Lasix
Nitro
Morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

_______ is the #1 plasma protein made in liver.

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the main function of albumin?

A

Prevents collapse of blood vessels and is oncotic (pulls fluid back into vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is parasympathetic tone only found in the heart?

A

Atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is sympathetic tone found in the heart?

A

Both artia and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is related to?

A

Blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Increase in hydrostatic pressure results in?

A

Leakage into interstitial to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Pulmonary edema is a result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure?

A

Hydrostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

___ is a substance which is too large to cross cell membrane (EX: albumin).

A

Colloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

____ is a substance which can easily cross cell membrane (EX: sodium).

A

Crystalloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Plasma protein albumin creates ______ pressure.

A

Osmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

+1 piting edema depresses __ inches.

A

1/4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

+2 pitting edema depresses ___ inches.

A

1/4 - 1/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

+3 pitting edema depresses _ inches.

A

1/2 - 1 inch

48
Q

+4 pitting edema depresses ___ inches.

A

1+ inches

49
Q

_____ follows osmotic gradient established by changes in sodium concentration.

A

Water

50
Q

____ is the major extracellular cation of the body.

A

Sodium

51
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

Heart and great vessels.

52
Q

What substances directly inhibit ADH?

A

Alcohol and caffeine

53
Q

Release of ADH is initiated by?

A

Increase in plasma osmolality (increase of albumin)
Decrease in circulating blood volume
Lowered venous and arterial pressure

54
Q

When are baroreceptors tripped?

A

With a decrease in blood pressure

55
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from where in the body?

A

Adrenal cortex

56
Q

____ are positively charged ion.

A

Cation

57
Q

___ are negatively charged ions.

A

Anions

58
Q

___ is the #1 extracellular anion.

A

Chloride

59
Q

What is the most common cause of hypokalemia?

A

Diuretic use

60
Q

Aldosterone is secreted when?

A

When sodium levels are low or potassium levels are high

61
Q

What happens to potassium when sodium is absorbed?

A

Potassium is eliminated

62
Q

When and where is renin secreted?

A

Secreted by the kidneys when perfusion in kidneys is decreased

63
Q

What hormone is created secondary to renin?

A

Angiotension II

64
Q

What is the function of angiotension II?

A

Vasoconstriction

65
Q

What is the function of an ace inhibitor?

A

Ace inhibitor blocks creation of angiotension 1 & 2

66
Q

Ace inhibitors end in?

A

Pril

67
Q

Angiotension II stimulates production of?

A

ADH

68
Q

What is first given for dehydration?

A

NS 0.9%

69
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

A

Potassium

70
Q

Why is potassium required within the body?

A

Electrical impulses

71
Q

What are the causes of hypokalemia?

A

Poor absorption, vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease, diuretics

72
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

Weakness, dysrhythmias, decreased reflexes, faints heart sounds, hypotension, anorexia, vomiting

73
Q

_____ is an increase of potassium.

A

Hyperkalemia

74
Q

What causes hyperkalemia?

A

Renal failure, burns, crush injuries, infections, excessive use, acidosis

75
Q

What is the treatment for hyperkalemia?

A

Insulin

76
Q

Calcium is essential for?

A 
Neuromuscular transmission
Cell membrane permeability
Hormone secretion
Bone growth
Muscle contraction
77
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcemia?

A

Parathyroid dysfunction, renal disease, malapsorbtion

78
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

Cramps, seizures, muscle twitching

79
Q

What is the treatment for hypocalcemia?

A

Calcium chloride, vitamin D

80
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

A

Tumors, excess vitamin D, diuretics

81
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

Muscle weakness, renal stones, altered mental status, bone pain

82
Q

What is the treatment for hypercalcemia?

A

Diuresis with furosemide and NS

83
Q

What is the function of magnesium?

A

Activates enzymes - nerve impulses

84
Q

Which electrolyte “locks down” cell membranes?

A

Magnesium

85
Q

Magnesium is given to?

A

Seizures, VTACH, labor contractions

86
Q

Hypomagnesemia is caused by?

A

Alcoholism, diabetes, malabsorption, starvation, diarrhea, diuresis

87
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

A

Tremors, nausea, vomiting, confusion

88
Q

What is the most effective treatment for hypermagnesemia?

A

Hemodialysis

89
Q

Cardiac output depends on which factors?

A

Strength of contraction
Rate of contraction
Amount of venous return (preload)

90
Q

What is preload?

A

Blood that fills heart from vena cavas

91
Q

What is chronotropic?

A

Rate

92
Q

What inotrophic?

A

Force

93
Q

Preload is only affected by?

A

Rate and force

94
Q

What are the three factors for adequate perfusion?

A

Rate, force, vasoconstriction

95
Q

How does vasoconstriction of blood vessels affect preload?

A

Preload decreases

96
Q

What are the negative feedback mechanisms?

A 
Baroreceptor 
Chemoreceptor
CNS ischemic response
Hormonal 
Reabsorption of tissue fluids
Splenic discharge of stored blood
97
Q

When do baroreceptors not work?

A

When cold or systolic is below 50

98
Q

Baroreceptors maintain which vital sign?

A

BP

99
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

100
Q

True or False - Chemoreceptors regulate acid?

A

True

101
Q

What is the adrenal-medullary mechanism?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine release
Increased heart rate and stroke volume
Vasoconstriction

102
Q

What is the compensatory mechanism of the spleen?

A

Discharge of blood that can be released after vasoconstriction

103
Q

What are the types of shock?

A 
Hypovolemic
Cardiogenic
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic 
Septic
104
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Substance which trips immune system

105
Q

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

A

Memory of illness

106
Q

Immunoglobulins are?

A

Antibodies

107
Q

What is IgG?

A

Is the #1 antibody

108
Q

What is IgE?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis)

109
Q

Catecholamines stimulate?

A

Alpha and beta

110
Q

Alpha 1 stimulates?

A

Vasoconstriction of smooth muscle

111
Q

_____% of fluid inside the body is intracellular.

A

40

112
Q

____% of fluid in cells is extracellular.

A

20

113
Q

When arterial blood pressure is normal AV shunts _____.

A

Close

114
Q

If arterial blood pressure is increased AV shunts ______.

A

Open

115
Q

Plasma pressure proteins move fluid via?

A

Osmotic pressure

Exam 1/2 Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions