Physiology - General Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
_____ fluid is found outside of the cells which includes intravascular and interstitial compartments. Accounts for 20% of all body weight.
A
Extracellular
2
Q
____ fluid is found inside of cells.
A
Intracellular
3
Q
______ fluid is fluid OUTSIDE cells and INSIDE blood vessels.
A
Intravascular
4
Q
______ fluid is OUTSIDE of cells and OUTSIDE of vessels.
A
Interstitial
5
Q
___% of fluid is interstitial.
A
16
6
Q
____% of fluid is intravascular.
A
4
7
Q
An adult human is comprised of ____% of water.
A
50-60
8
Q
____ is the movement of water through semipermeable membranes.
A
Osmosis
9
Q
In osmosis, _______ energy is needed and water moves from a ___ concentration to _________ concentration.
A
No; Low; High
10
Q
_____ is the liquid of a solution.
A
Solvent
11
Q
_____ is the substance within a solution.
A
Solute
12
Q
_____ is movement of solvent.
A
Osmosis
13
Q
Partial pressures are found?
A
Measuring gases dissolved in liquid
14
Q
pAO2 should be?
A
80-100
15
Q
pACO2 should be?
A
35-45
16
Q
A _____ solution has a higher concentration of solute than that inside of the cell.
A
Hypertonic
17
Q
A hypertonic solution causes cells to ______.
A
Shrink
18
Q
A ____ solution is one in which the solute concentration is lower than that inside of the cell.
A
Hypotonic
19
Q
A hypotonic solution causes cells to ____.
A
Swell
20
Q
An _____ solution has equal molecules inside and outside of cells.
A
Isotonic
21
Q
_____ fluid makes up 40% of total body weight.
A
Intracellular
22
Q
Sodium bicarb and D50 are examples of ____ solutions.
A
Hypertonic
23
Q
0.45% NS and D5W are examples of _____ solutions.
A
Hypotonic
24
Q
____ is a bicarbonate isotonic solution.
A
LR
25
Diffusion is a ____ process.
Passive
26
____ moves particles from area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Diffusion
27
What are the two types of carrier molecules?
Proteins
| Glucose
28
What are the two types of mediated transport?
Active
| Facilitated
29
Active transport is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances from areas of ____ concentration to _____.
Lower; higher
30
Active transport works ___ gradient.
Against
31
Diffusion is faster than?
Osmosis
32
Active transport is faster than?
Diffusion
33
______ is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances into and out of cells from high to low concentrations.
Facilitated diffusion
34
Three drugs given to treat pulmonary edema
Lasix
Nitro
Morphine
35
_______ is the #1 plasma protein made in liver.
Albumin
36
What is the main function of albumin?
Prevents collapse of blood vessels and is oncotic (pulls fluid back into vessels)
37
Where is parasympathetic tone only found in the heart?
Atria
38
Where is sympathetic tone found in the heart?
Both artia and ventricles
39
Hydrostatic pressure is related to?
Blood pressure
40
Increase in hydrostatic pressure results in?
Leakage into interstitial to lungs
41
Pulmonary edema is a result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure?
Hydrostatic
42
___ is a substance which is too large to cross cell membrane (EX: albumin).
Colloid
43
____ is a substance which can easily cross cell membrane (EX: sodium).
Crystalloid
44
Plasma protein albumin creates ______ pressure.
Osmotic
45
+1 piting edema depresses __ inches.
1/4
46
+2 pitting edema depresses ___ inches.
1/4 - 1/2
47
+3 pitting edema depresses _ inches.
1/2 - 1 inch
48
+4 pitting edema depresses ___ inches.
1+ inches
49
_____ follows osmotic gradient established by changes in sodium concentration.
Water
50
____ is the major extracellular cation of the body.
Sodium
51
Where are baroreceptors found?
Heart and great vessels.
52
What substances directly inhibit ADH?
Alcohol and caffeine
53
Release of ADH is initiated by?
Increase in plasma osmolality (increase of albumin)
Decrease in circulating blood volume
Lowered venous and arterial pressure
54
When are baroreceptors tripped?
With a decrease in blood pressure
55
Aldosterone is secreted from where in the body?
Adrenal cortex
56
____ are positively charged ion.
Cation
57
___ are negatively charged ions.
Anions
58
___ is the #1 extracellular anion.
Chloride
59
What is the most common cause of hypokalemia?
Diuretic use
60
Aldosterone is secreted when?
When sodium levels are low or potassium levels are high
61
What happens to potassium when sodium is absorbed?
Potassium is eliminated
62
When and where is renin secreted?
Secreted by the kidneys when perfusion in kidneys is decreased
63
What hormone is created secondary to renin?
Angiotension II
64
What is the function of angiotension II?
Vasoconstriction
65
What is the function of an ace inhibitor?
Ace inhibitor blocks creation of angiotension 1 & 2
66
Ace inhibitors end in?
Pril
67
Angiotension II stimulates production of?
ADH
68
What is first given for dehydration?
NS 0.9%
69
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
70
Why is potassium required within the body?
Electrical impulses
71
What are the causes of hypokalemia?
Poor absorption, vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease, diuretics
72
What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
Weakness, dysrhythmias, decreased reflexes, faints heart sounds, hypotension, anorexia, vomiting
73
_____ is an increase of potassium.
Hyperkalemia
74
What causes hyperkalemia?
Renal failure, burns, crush injuries, infections, excessive use, acidosis
75
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia?
Insulin
76
Calcium is essential for?
```
Neuromuscular transmission
Cell membrane permeability
Hormone secretion
Bone growth
Muscle contraction
```
77
What are the causes of hypocalcemia?
Parathyroid dysfunction, renal disease, malapsorbtion
78
What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?
Cramps, seizures, muscle twitching
79
What is the treatment for hypocalcemia?
Calcium chloride, vitamin D
80
What are the causes of hypercalcemia?
Tumors, excess vitamin D, diuretics
81
What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Muscle weakness, renal stones, altered mental status, bone pain
82
What is the treatment for hypercalcemia?
Diuresis with furosemide and NS
83
What is the function of magnesium?
Activates enzymes - nerve impulses
84
Which electrolyte "locks down" cell membranes?
Magnesium
85
Magnesium is given to?
Seizures, VTACH, labor contractions
86
Hypomagnesemia is caused by?
Alcoholism, diabetes, malabsorption, starvation, diarrhea, diuresis
87
What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
Tremors, nausea, vomiting, confusion
88
What is the most effective treatment for hypermagnesemia?
Hemodialysis
89
Cardiac output depends on which factors?
Strength of contraction
Rate of contraction
Amount of venous return (preload)
90
What is preload?
Blood that fills heart from vena cavas
91
What is chronotropic?
Rate
92
What inotrophic?
Force
93
Preload is only affected by?
Rate and force
94
What are the three factors for adequate perfusion?
Rate, force, vasoconstriction
95
How does vasoconstriction of blood vessels affect preload?
Preload decreases
96
What are the negative feedback mechanisms?
```
Baroreceptor
Chemoreceptor
CNS ischemic response
Hormonal
Reabsorption of tissue fluids
Splenic discharge of stored blood
```
97
When do baroreceptors not work?
When cold or systolic is below 50
98
Baroreceptors maintain which vital sign?
BP
99
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Carotid and aortic bodies
100
True or False - Chemoreceptors regulate acid?
True
101
What is the adrenal-medullary mechanism?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine release
Increased heart rate and stroke volume
Vasoconstriction
102
What is the compensatory mechanism of the spleen?
Discharge of blood that can be released after vasoconstriction
103
What are the types of shock?
```
Hypovolemic
Cardiogenic
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
Septic
```
104
What is an antigen?
Substance which trips immune system
105
What is the function of B lymphocytes?
Memory of illness
106
Immunoglobulins are?
Antibodies
107
What is IgG?
Is the #1 antibody
108
What is IgE?
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis)
109
Catecholamines stimulate?
Alpha and beta
110
Alpha 1 stimulates?
Vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
111
_____% of fluid inside the body is intracellular.
40
112
____% of fluid in cells is extracellular.
20
113
When arterial blood pressure is normal AV shunts _____.
Close
114
If arterial blood pressure is increased AV shunts ______.
Open
115
Plasma pressure proteins move fluid via?
Osmotic pressure
