Professionalism and Leadership

Question 1

What variety of issues does P&L cover, that are relevant to us?

Answer 1

consent, confidentiality, communication skills, medical ethics, self-care, wellbeing

Question 2

What is the difference between professional behaviours and skills

Answer 2

behaviours- attitudes, action. include ethical conduct and integrity
skills- abilities, knowledge, expertise - analytical problem-solving skills

Question 3

What are scenarios in which students are at risk of professionalism errors?

Answer 3

addressing teachers
email etiquette
professional dress

Question 4

Define medical ethics

Answer 4

ethical principles specific to medical practitioners, encompassing the study of values and morality, right and wrong, what we could/what we must do.

Question 5

what are the 3 classes of ethics BMS focuses on? describe them

Answer 5

meta-ethics - using a philosophical POV to determine if a claim is ethical
normative ethics - systematic approach when considering daily aspects of life
applied ethics - what specific decisions should be made in certain contexts

Question 6

name the key ethical approaches

Answer 6

consequentialism
utilitarianism
deontology
virtue ethics

Question 7

define consequentialism

Answer 7

weighing the consequences in a decision

Question 8

define utilitarianism

Answer 8

branch of consequentialism, individual attempts to effectuate the greatest good to the greatest number

Question 9

define deontology

Answer 9

consequences alone don’t determine rightness
rightness determined by the action itself

Question 10

define virtue ethics

Answer 10

character, instead of actions, is the focus, attain characteristics like empathy depending on situation

Question 11

what are key aspects of informed consent

Answer 11

capacity
voluntary
risk/benefits known
discuss all options
can seek second opinion
no coercion

Question 12

what are reasons for obtaining informed consent

Answer 12

it establishes trust
it promotes transparency
it protects patient autonomy

Question 13

why is patient confidentiality important

Answer 13

doctors bound by laws
safeguard personal information shared by patients

Question 14

What are key strategies in maintaining patient confidentiality

Answer 14

clear policies surrounding permittable practice
strengthened data security measures
monitor compliance

Question 15

What are characteristics a doctor would promote in an effective doctor-patient relationship

Answer 15

empathy
adaptability
cultural awareness
love of learning
respect
integrity
proactive listening
patience

Question 16

What are the 4 principles involved in the 4 principle approach

Answer 16

autonomy
beneficence
non-maleficence
justice

Question 17

define autonomy

Answer 17

autonomy emphasises respecting patient’s rights to make their own decisions about their healthcare

Question 18

define beneficience

Answer 18

it focuses on promoting the well-being and best interests of the patient

Question 19

define non-maleficence

Answer 19

emphasises the obligation to do no harm & avoid actions that would harm the patient

Question 20

define justice

Answer 20

fairness and equality

Question 21

How can autonomous people make non-autonomous choices

Answer 21

through manipulation, misinformation and coercion

Question 22

Define negative duties

Answer 22

to refrain from certain actions

Question 23

Define positive duties

Answer 23

to perform certain actions

Question 24

What is paternalism

Answer 24

the duty to work out what is best for the patient whether or not the patient agrees.
usually unethical except for select cases

Question 25

Where do the limits of beneficence arise?

Answer 25

when they directly infringe upon other biomedical ethics principles like autonomy, non-maleficence and justice

Question 26

What are the prima facie principles (PFP)

Answer 26

maintain autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice

Question 27

What are the 5 As of the smoking intervention model

Answer 27

Ask Assess Advise - advise harmful effects, urge patient to quit Assist - create an action plan to enable quitting Arrange - follow- up appointment if quitting within 1 week

Question 28

Describe ask and assess

Answer 28

ASK: specific and measurable qs to determine extent of issue, pack years Assess: willingness to quit, nicotine dependence, time of first cig after waking up, cravings, urgers, withdrawal symptoms

Question 29

What is the formula for a pack year?

Answer 29

pack of cigarettes smoked per day (per packet) X no of years smoking = no of pack years

Question 30

define professionalism

Answer 30

person whose occupation has specific moral obligations as part of it

Question 31

What are the models of professional-patient relationship, briefly describe them

Answer 31

paternalistic - doctor is in complete control, opacity in communication to keep spirits up consumerist - patient in control, professional provides all info and professional follows patient shared decision - both profesh and patient share decision-making process to form a consensus

Question 32

What are key elements of the doctor-patient relationship

Answer 32

trust confidentiality respect patient-centered care collaboration confidentiality empathy/compassion shared decision making professional boundaries cultural sensitivity

Question 33

What are principles to effective feedback?

Answer 33

timely - close to event/practice clear - specific and actionable appropriate - in place and content is not overly critical

Question 34

general tips for effective feedback

Answer 34

1. allow learner to have their input - reciprocal conversation 2. provide both positive and negative feedback - constructive 3. suggest areas which can be easily improved

Question 35

Define a carer

Answer 35

a person who provides unpaid care and support to family members & friends who have a physical, emotional or cognitive ailment

Question 36

What does a carer do?

Answer 36

dressing showering transport emotional support feeding toileting medication appointments

Question 37

What is caregiver burden

Answer 37

it leads to fatigue stress limited social contact and disruptions to family life and activity & reduced quality of life

Question 38

What are the 3 components that must be present for genuine informed consent

Answer 38

voluntary - no coercion/manipulation informed competent - competent and autonomous

Question 39

define valid consent

Answer 39

the genuine and voluntary agreement given by an individual based on clear understanding of relevant information, without coercion, manipulation or external factors

Question 40

define reflective practice

Answer 40

the process of self-examination and analysis of one's own actions

Question 41

why is reflective practice important?

Answer 41

it allows for learning and professional growth it enhances patient care by identifying patterns/behaviours that may impact care it identifies and addresses errors it encourages emotional well-being

Question 42

What constitutes a standard drink

Answer 42

1 - 10g of pure alcohol - 12.5ml

Question 43

How many standards in a day/week

Answer 43

day- 4 week - 10

Question 44

Why are professional boundaries, including social media presence, important?

Answer 44

maintains trust preserves objectivity- unbiased decisions prevents conflict of interest protects autonomy maintain professionalism protect doctors from legal consequences

Question 45

what are strategies for dealing with challenge to professional boundaries?

Answer 45

setting clear boundaries maintaining professional demeanor (clothing and communication) seek consultation (consult with other health professionals)

Question 46

define self-care

Answer 46

activities that preserve and maintain one's physical, emotional and mental health

Question 47

define wellbeing

Answer 47

overall state of being happy, healthy and satisfied with life

Question 48

What are activities that help one develop their personal self care strategies

Answer 48

exercise mindfulness/meditation quality sleep hobbies/relaxation seeking professional support

Question 49

what factors can contibute to medical students being at high risk of developing mental health problems?

Answer 49

academic pressure long hours/sleep deprivation lack of work-life balance

Question 50

What are active coping strategies for stress management?

Answer 50

exercise relaxation techniques (deep breathing, meditation) time management problem solving social support healthy lifestyle assertiveness skills (setting boundaries, expressing needs)

Question 51

What are benefits of seeking help early

Answer 51

early intervention improved wellbeing preventing escalation access to resources normalising help-seeking personal growth

Question 52

what resources are available to assist with self care for students

Answer 52

uni counselling services beyond blue headspace lifeline

Question 53

What is medical student identification with diseases? what can be used to help

Answer 53

a phenomenon in which medical students may experience increased anxiety by relating their own symptoms to diseases they are studying peer mentorship, psychological support like counselling, education can help

Question 54

What are possible negative consequences of stress?

Answer 54

physical health problems like headaches, weakened immune system, sleep disturbances mental health disorders- prolonged/intense stress causes anxiety/depression impaired cognitive function reduced academic performance strained relationships substance abuse sleep disorders weakened immune system decreased quality of life