psych unit 2

Question 1

what is person perception

m

Answer 1

mental processes we use to form impressions and opinions of other people

Question 2

what is schemas

Answer 2

our pre-existing mental ideas relating to a given concept that helps us organise and interpret new information

Question 3

impressions from physical appearances

Answer 3

made by influencing by how people look and behave including eye gaze, posture, gestures, other bodily movements

Question 4

what is the halo effect

Impressions

Answer 4

cognitive bias where our overall impression of a person influences how we think, feel about our traits

Question 5

saliency detection

Answer 5

brain only selecting a portion of incoming sensory information more likely to initially judge someone based on salient(anything that is noticeable) about a person

Question 6

social categorization

Answer 6

mental shortcuts used in persons perceptions to categorize people into groups based on their shared characteristics

Question 7

attributions

the process in which people explain the cause of

Answer 7

is the process by which people explain the causes of their own and other people behaviour

Question 8

situational attributions

external factors

judgements that behaviours is caused by

Answer 8

judgements that behaviours is caused from factors outside an individual includes actions of others, task factors, environmental factors

Question 9

explicit

where people openly states their

Answer 9

are where people openly state their attitude and behaviour that reflects the attitude

Question 10

implicit

unaware of their

Answer 10

are involuntary uncontrollable nd can be unconscious. This is were a person may be unaware of their attitude until their behaviour starts to reveal it.

Question 11

what is the tri-component model of attitude

Answer 11

proposes that any attitudes has 3 related components

Question 12

Affective component

Answer 12

refers to the emotional reactions or feeling an individual has towards an object, person, group effect or issue. eg enjoy, hate

Question 13

behavioural component

Answer 13

refers to the way in which our attitudes is expressed through our actions and behaviours

Question 14

cognitive component

refers to the belief

Answer 14

refers to the belief we have about an object, person, group, event or issue

Question 15

consistency

Answer 15

all three components must be present before it can be said that an attitude exists. In many cases 3 components are consistent

Question 16

what are the limitations of the tri-component

Behaviour doesn’t reflect

Answer 16

sometimes behaviour does not refleccct the attitudes a person holds, which caauses cognitive dissonancd

Question 17

what is cognitive dissonance

Answer 17

unpleasant feeling that you can get when we perceive our attitudes as not matching our behaviour

Question 18

what is cognitive biases

unconscious tendencies
interpret info that is..

Answer 18

unconscious tendencies to interpret information in a way that is desirable. this reduces cognitive dissonance

Question 19

what are the different types of cognitive bias

FACHS

Answer 19

-fundamental attribution error
-actor observer error
-self serving bias
-confirmation bias
-false consensus bias

Question 20

what is fundamental attribution error

oV

Answer 20

tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors others behaviour

Question 21

what is actor observer bias

attribute our own actions to

Answer 21

tendency to attribute our own actions to external or situational causes while attributing other peoples actions to internal factors

Question 22

whats self serving bias

Answer 22

when judging ourselves we have a tendency to take credit for our successes and attribute failures to situational factors

Question 23

what is confirmation bias

Answer 23

tendency to search for an accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviours and ignore contradictory information

Question 24

what is false consensus bias

Answer 24

tendency to overestimate how much other people share the same ideas and attitudes as we do

Question 25

what is the impact of culture to our attributions-individualist society

Answer 25

being an individual nd independent is valued and encouraged achieving personal goals is considered to be more important than achieving group goals eg Australia

Question 26

what is collectivist culture and how does it impact the culture to our attributions

Answer 26

achieving group goals are encouraged and are more important than individual goals. Individuals are encouraged and sometimes exected to put group goals ahead of personal goals. they are less liekly to have fundamental attribution errors. eg north korea

Question 27

what are heuristics

Answer 27

refers to the mental shortcuts that allow individuals to make quick decisions on limited information

Question 28

what is cognitive load

Answer 28

refers to the amount of information we can hold in our working memory

Question 29

what is ancoring heuristic

Answer 29

forming judgements based on the first information received about an idea

Question 30

what is availability heuristics

Answer 30

mental shortcuts that uses the first thoughts that come to mind when they are evaluating an issue or deciding what to do. information may come from past experiences, memories or media

Question 31

representatives heuristics

Answer 31

mental shortcut that judges the probability of an event occurring by comparing it to the most relevant or typical example.

Question 32

affective heuristic

Answer 32

mental shortucts based on a persons emotional state

Question 33

what are stereotypes

Answer 33

is a widely held belief and generalization about a group, regardless of the individual differences among the members of that group. It can impact decision making and who we choose to interact with

Question 34

what is the positives of stereotypes

Answer 34

easier to understand the world make decision making and thinking a lot faster

Question 35

what are the negatives of stereotypes

Answer 35

can lead to discrimination leads to stigma appearance can lead us to make incorrect judgments of people

Question 36

what are stigmas

Answer 36

is a negative attitude against someone based on distinguishing characteristics baed on mental illness, disability, gender, sexuality, race , religion, culture.

Question 37

what is prejudice

Answer 37

holding a negative attitude towards a member of a group based solely on their membersjip to that group. It can be positive and negative

Question 38

what are the 4 prejudice characteristics

Answer 38

involves the majority group: 1. believing that they are superior 2. believing that th eminority group are different and dont belong 3. believing that they are more powerful and important 4. exhbiting prejudiced attitudes as they are insecure and fear of the minority group

Question 39

what are tge 2 formations of prejudice

Answer 39

ingroup and outgroup

Question 40

what is ingroups

Answer 40

any group that a person belongs to or identifies with

Question 41

what is outgroups

Answer 41

abt group that a person does not blong to or identify with

Question 42

what is discrimination

Answer 42

positive or negative behaviour towards an individual or group

Question 43

what are the two types of discrimination

Answer 43

direct discrimination or indirect discrimination

Question 44

what is direct discrimination

Answer 44

someone is treated differently because of a characteristic protected by law eg ww2

Question 45

what is indirect discrimination

Answer 45

everyone is treated the same it disadvantages someone. eg school only having stairs disadvantages people with physical difficulties