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PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

MOTIVATION

define motivation

A

direction + intensity of ones effort (Sage 1977)

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2
Q

MOTIVATION

TRAIT approach to motivation (4)

A
  1. personality
  2. needs
  3. interests
  4. goals
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3
Q

MOTIVATION

STATE approach to motivation (3)

A
  1. coaching style
  2. environment
  3. win-loss ratio
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4
Q

MOTIVATION

what theory is associated with:
does it matter if we have a choice?

A

Self Determination Theory (Deci + Ryan 1985, 2000)

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5
Q

MOTIVATION - SELF DETERMINATION THEORY

what does this theory focus on

A

extent that behaviours are performed voluntarily

WHAT motivates people

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6
Q

MOTIVATION - SELF DETERMINATION THEORY

describe 3 basic psychological needs

A

AUTONOMY : people feel in control of own behaviours

COMPETENCE : people need to master skills + learn new skills

RELATEDNESS : people need sense of belonging, meaningful attatchment

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7
Q

MOTIVATION - SELF DETERMINATION THEORY

6 flavours of motivation

A

no motivation
punishment/reward
guilt/pride
value
indetified
interest / enjoyment

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8
Q

MOTIVATION - SELF DETERMINATION THEORY perceived locus of causality scale

name the 6 ‘levels’ from high self determination to low

A

1) Intrinsic motivation

2) Integrated regulation - satisfy psychological needs

3) Identified regulation - learn new skills

4) introjected regulation - avoid disapproval , get approval

5) external regulation - reward/avoid punishment

6) a motivation - lack of intention

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9
Q

MOTIVATION

what theory is:
does it matter if we hold different views of success?

A

Achievement goal theory (Nicholls, 1989)

who YOU are

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10
Q

MOTIVATION - ACHIEVEMENT GOAL THEORY

what are the 2 orientations?

A

TASK - MASTERY:
pride in knowledge + ability improvement

EGO: social comparison , superiority over others

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11
Q

MOTIVATION - ACHIEVEMENT GOAL THEORY

describe 3 individual differences in achievement goals

A

goal orientations = independent (orthogonal)

socialisation of task / ego involvement

adoption of task + ego goals for specific activity

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12
Q

MOTIVATION - ACHIEVEMENT GOAL THEORY

2 elements of motivational climate (Ames, 1992)

A

MASTERY , task involving
climate focused on individual improvement

PERFORMANCE, ego involving
climate, outperform others

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13
Q

MOTIVATION - ACHIEVEMENT GOAL THEORY

6 achievement structures (Epstein 1989)

hint : TARGET

A

Tasks - no variety/challenge

Authority - student don’t make decision

Recognition - social comparison

Grouping - ability

Evaluation - win/ outperform others

Time - allocated time for learning

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14
Q

MOTIVATION
what theory is:

does it matter how we attribute success/ failure

A

Attribution theory (Weiner 1985, 1986)

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15
Q

MOTIVATION - ATTRIBUTION THEORY

4 attributions

A

ability
effort
task difficulty
luck

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16
Q

MOTIVATION- ATTRIBUTION THEORY

2 dimensions

A

locus of causality
- internal factors (ability/effort)
- external factors (task difficulty/luck)

stability
- stable (ability/task difficulty)
- unstable (effort/luck)

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17
Q

MOTIVATION- ATTRIBUTION THEORY

what do high achievers attribute success and failure to?

A

SUCCESS - internal factors

FAILURE - external factors

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18
Q

MOTIVATION

what do low achievers attribute success/failure to?

A

SUCCESS - external factors

FAILURE - internal factors

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19
Q

THE SELF

3 elements of the self in sport

A

SELF ESTEEM
SELF CONFIDENCE
SELF EFFICACY

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20
Q

THE SELF

summarise self esteem

A

personal judgement of worthiness (Coopersmith 1967)

how someone feels about themselves

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21
Q

THE SELF - self esteem

Fox and robin 1989 model showing domains

4 at the top
what these split into

A
  1. ACADEMIC - English, science
  2. SOCIAL - peers, others
  3. EMOTIONAL - states
  4. PHYSICAL - ability , appearance
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22
Q

THE SELF - self esteem

what do athletes with poor self esteem rely on

what does success do for these individuals se

A

how they’re doing in the present

doesn’t heighten, just sustains

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23
Q

THE SELF - self esteem

name 5 stages how low self esteem can lead to failure

A
  • feedback
    low se
    low self confidence
    low motivation
    failure
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24
Q

THE SELF- self esteem

how athletes with high SE cope with failure

A

less effect on future performance

accept + value themselves as worthy

perform high level consistently

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25
THE SELF- self esteem cycle of high SE to success
+ feedback high se high self confidence high motivation success
26
THE SELF self confidence
belief in our ability to be successful - (Vealey 1986)
27
THE SELF - self confidence 1) STATE sc 2) TRAIT sc
1) how confident right now temporary/ unstable 2) how confident in ability in general consistent/stable
28
THE SELF confidence = ability to: (5)
1. execute physical skills 2. use psychological skill 3. use perceptual skill 4. learn + improve skill 5. confidence in level of physical fitness/ training status
29
THE SELF 7 benefits of self confidence
1. arouses + affect 2. facilitate concentration 3. affect goals 4. increase effort 5. affect game strategy 6. affect psychological momentum 7. affect performance
30
THE SELF optimal self confidence
being so confident to can achieve your goals each person = different level
31
THE SELF - self confidence 5 ways lack of confidence effect performance
1. less effective thinkers 2. more - attitude 3. tendency give up easily 4. avoid challenges 5. focus on outcome instead of consequence
32
THE SELF - overconfidence difference between: 1) inflated confidence 2) false confidence
1) better than what they are 2) confident outside not inside
33
THE SELF - self confidence - self fulfilling + self fulfilling
- = expect failure, lead to actual failure + = expecting desired outcome and performance
34
THE SELF - self confidence 7 ways to build self confidence
1. performance accomplishments 2. retrospections 3. acting confident 4. think confident 5. use imagery 6. goal setting 7. preparation
35
THE SELF - self efficacy self efficacy
perception of ones ability to perform task successfully in specific situation
36
THE SELF - self efficacy how is it different to state self confidence
it is SPECIFIC not globally/general
37
THE SELF - self efficacy what does it determine
what people do with the knowledge and skills they have
38
THE SELF - self efficacy where do our self efficacy beliefs come from? (6)
1. performance accomplishments 2. vicarious experiences 3. verbal persuasion 4. imaginal experiences 5. physiological states 6. emotional states
39
THE SELF - self efficacy performance accomplishments
strongest source of SE our actual experiences
40
THE SELF - self efficacy VICARIOUS EXPERIENCE
observe others succeed / fail those with little/no experience social comparison
41
THE SELF - self efficacy verbal persuasion
weak source of SE effectiveness reliant on how realistic feedback is
42
THE SELF - self efficacy imaginal experience
see oneself demonstrating mastery
43
THE SELF - self efficacy physiological states
how one view physiological state e.g: hr facilitative = increase se debilitative = lower se
44
STRESS + ANXIETY AROUSAL
"general physiological + psychological activation, continuum sleep - intense excitement" Gould et al., 2002
45
STRESS + ANXIETY - AROUSAL drive theory (____, ___)
Hull 1943 linear relationship as arousal increase, usual behaviour response increase
46
STRESS + ANXIETY - AROUSAL doubts of drive theory?
if usual behaviours not correct/ good skills can lead to choke
47
STRESS + ANXIETY - AROUSAL under/over arousal side effect
UNDER: lack drive, under perform OVER: stress, mistakes, physical symptoms
48
STRESS + ANXIETY - AROUSAL Inverted U hypothesis ( ____ + ____, ____ )
York's + Dodson 1908
49
STRESS + ANXIETY - AROUSAL criticism of inverted U hypothesis?
optimal arousal always at midpoint? nature of arousal itself?
50
STRESS + ANXIETY - AROUSAL who described the Inverted u hypothesis as : " a catastrophe for sport psychology"
Hardy + Fazey 1987
51
STRESS + ANXIETY - state anxiety trait anxiety
STATE: how you feel right now TRAIT: level of anxiety in personality in general
52
STRESS + ANXIETY - 2 dimensions of state anxiety?
SOMATIC : physiological changes COGNITIVE: worry/concentration
53
STRESS + ANXIETY causes of anxiety (5)
pressure frustration uncertainty fear of harm effect on self esteem
54
STRESS + ANXIETY why is experimenting anxiety difficult? (6)
1. anxiety = complex 2. pre event assessment 3. blunt measures 4. in event coping 5. task characteristics 6. self report measures
55
STRESS + ANXIETY - STRESS stress
substantial imbalance between demand and response capability under conditions where failure = important consequences McGrath 1970
56
STRESS + ANXIETY - STRESS what are the 4 stages of the stress process:
1: ENVIRONMENTAL DEMAND 2. INDIVIDUALS PERCEPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEMAND 3. STRESS RESPONSE 4. BEHAVIOURAL CONSEQUENCES
57
STRESS + ANXIETY - what does IZOF model stand for
Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning
58
STRESS + ANXIETY what 3 things does IZOF model depend on
- skill level - personality characteristic - nature of task
59
STRESS + ANXIETY criticism of IZOF model?
lack explanation why individual level of anxiety = beneficial or detrimental for performance
60
STRESS + ANXIETY multidimensional anxiety theory
makes predictions about separate relationships between: - cognitive anxiety + performance - somatic anxiety + performance
61
STRESS + ANXIETY catastrophe theory (______ + ______, ___ )
focuses on interactive effects of: - arousal - cognitive anxiety - performance Hardy + Parfitt 1991
62
STRESS + ANXIETY - catastrophe theory low cognitive anxiety
curved inverted U theories
63
STRESS + ANXIETY - catastrophe theory high cognitive anxiety
increase gradually drastic decline curve off
64
STRESS + ANXIETY - catastrophe theory 3 things athlete should do after drastic decline in performance
1. completely relax physically 2. cognitively restructure 3. reactivated him/her to reach optimal level
65
STRESS + ANXIETY directional anxiety
66
GROUP DYNAMICS difference between group + team
group = group of intdivduals with shared goal team = collective identity, individual goals, teamwork
67
GROUP DYNAMICS 4 phases of becoming a team
FORMING STORMING NORMING PERFORMING
68
GROUP DYNAMICS FORMING
familiarisation social comparison strength/weakness do I belong?
69
GROUP DYNAMICS STORMING
infighting establish role communication leader, group, interpersonal
70
GROUP DYNAMICS NORMING
conflict resolve cooperation unity common goals
71
GROUP DYNAMICS PERFORMING
togetherness team success problem solving roles defined test new ideas
72
GROUP DYNAMICS define GROUP COHESION
dynamic process reflected as a group sticks together + remain united to achieve objective and meet member satisfaction carrot, Brawley, Niemeyer 1998
73
GROUP DYNAMICS - CARRON CONCEPTUAL MODEL 4 fundamentals that determine cohesion
Personal factors environmental factors leadership factors team factors
74
GROUP DYNAMICS - CARRON CONCEPTUAL MODEL personal factors
individual orientation individual differences
75
GROUP DYNAMICS - CARRON CONCEPTUAL MODEL environmental factors
contractual responsibility organisational climate
76
GROUP DYNAMICS leadership factors
leadership style coach/athlete personalities
77
GROUP DYNAMICS team factors
distinctiveness group productivity norm group communication group size team stability role clarity + acceptance
78
GROUP DYNAMICS 2 types of cohesion
TASK COHESION: members work as group for common goal SOCIAL COHESION : like each other company
79
GROUP DYNAMICS 3 characteristics of cohesion
multidimensional dynamic instrumental
80
GROUP DYNAMICS conceptual framework of group effectiveness
actual productivity = potential productivity - group process losses
81
GROUP DYNAMICS ringleman effect
group size increase = individuals less productive
82
GROUP DYNAMICS 4 causes of social loafing
1. their effort = unimportant 2. minimise strategy ,do as little as poss 3. allocation strategy, save best effort 4. false perception , more effort = not recognised
83
GROUP DYNAMICS 3 characteristics of Group Environment Questionnaire
individual v group task + social cohesion reliable, valid
84
GROUP DYNAMICS teams with low turnover are _____ effective
more
85
GROUP DYNAMICS what does the cohesion performance relationship look like?
cyclical predict each other
86
GROUP DYNAMICS 4 ways to develop team cohesion
increase team indentity increase social cohesion clarify team goals improve communication
87
GROUP DYNAMICS summarise the new psychology of sport and health
Canadian geese comparison fly in v formation take it in turns leading so split responsibly
88
LEADERSHIP define leadership
where someone influences group of individuals with common goal (northouse, 2001)
89
LEADERSHIP difference between Prescribed leader Emergent leader
Prescribed: appointed from outside Emergent: come from group itself
90
LEADERSHIP basic leadership model
LEADERSHIP what you do as leader PSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOME impact on athlete psychology: e.g confidence BEHAVIOUR/PERFORMANCE impact on behaviours e.g: time for extra training
91
LEADERSHIP 3 different types of leadership
autocratic democratic laissez-faire
92
LEADERSHIP autocratic leader
dictate impersonal task needs doing effective when quick decisions need made
93
LEADERSHIP democratic leader
decisions made including group opinion informal relaxed effective in co active sport
94
LEADERSHIP laissez-faire leader
no leadership group makes decision leader helps but not controlled goal less likely to be achieved
95
LEADERSHIP what is the 'trait approach' to leadership
The great man theory born to be leader
96
LEADERSHIP what is the 'behavioural' approach' to leadership
good leaders = made not born anyone taught to be a good leader link to bobo doll experiment, learn from others to be good leader
97
LEADERSHIP interactional leader
interaction between individual and their situation effects leadership
98
LEADERSHIP relationship centred/ person orientated leader
focus on relationship with people in group work hard to communicate develop trust effective in experienced, high skilled athletes
99
LEADERSHIP task centred leader
focus on goals/objective create plan prioritise assign members to task better with less experienced athlete
100
LEADERSHIP multidimensional model of leadership what is it?
leadership in sport interactions between leader, group members, situation
101
LEADERSHIP leader behaviour (3)
ACTUAL what do they actually do PREFERRED what followers want to see from leader REQUIRED behaviour required in situation
102
LEADERSHIP situational characteristics examples
environmental conditions number in team time constraints strength of opposition social/cultural characteristics
103
LEADERSHIP leader characteristics
skill qualifications personality experience
104
LEADERSHIP draw multidimensional model of leadership
ANTECEDENTS (at top) - situational characteristics - leader characteristics - member characteristics LEADER BEHAVIOUR - required - actual - preferred CONSEQUENCES - performance - satisfaction
105
LEADERSHIP member characteristics
age gender personality motivation competence experience
106
LEADERSHIP - multidimensional leadership theory what is it called when all behaviours match up
congruence hypothesis
107
LEADERSHIP - multidimensional leadership theory actual behaviour doesn't match prefered or required behaviour
low satisfaction + performance
108
LEADERSHIP - multidimensional leadership theory required behaviour + actual behaviour match but not preferred
low satisfaction high performance
109
LEADERSHIP transformational leadership when? who?
2001 chelladurai
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LEADERSHIP transformational leadership
leaders go beyond self interest and help others seen as a good thing, research there nothing in it for leader
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LEADERSHIP transactional leadership
series of exchanges award/punishment used to meet previous agreed standards
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LEADERSHIP how does transformational leader enhance motivation of follower
- connect follower identity to leader - role model - challenge others to take leadership of their work - understand strength and weakness of follower
113
LEADERSHIP what is a mediation analysis
variable links independent + dependent variables which explains relationship between 2 other variables
114
LEADERSHIP 2) transformational leadership , mediation analysis (3)
transformational leadership --- intrinsic motivation -- sport performance
115
LEADERSHIP 1) transformational leadership , mediation analysis (3)
transformational leadership --- communication --- group cohesion
116
LEADERSHIP - transformational meta cognitive model of ______, ______ & ___________ 3 aims
vision support challenge 1)create inspirational future vision 2) provide support to achiever vision 3) provide challenge to achieve vision
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LEADERSHIP - transformational _______ et al, 2012 = examples of vision support challenge
Arthur
118
LEADERSHIP - transformational vision (3)
INSPIRATIONAL MOTIVATION APPROPRIATE ROLE MODELLING FOSTER ACCEPTANCE OF GROUP GOALS
119
LEADERSHIP - transformational support (2)
INDIVIDUAL CONSIDERATION CONTIGENT REWARD ( + reinforcement)
120
LEADERSHIP - transformational challenge (2)
INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION HIGH PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS
121
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what is the ultimate goal of psychological skills training?
self regulation athlete effectively function on their own in performance setting
122
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS define psychological skills training
systematic + consistent practice of mental/psychological skills to: - enhance performance - increase enjoyment - increase sport/activity satisfaction
123
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS basic pst (4)
relaxation goal setting imagery self talk
124
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS advance pst (4)
control anxiety self confidence motivation attention
125
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS 3 common myths of pst
- just for problemed athletes - its a quick fix - its just for elite athletes
126
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS effectiveness of pst (4)
- psychological + psychosocial improve performance - lasts roughly 1 month - better when coach delivers info - greater effect on men v women
127
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS 3 types of anxiety
behavioural somatic cognitive
128
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what are the 2 types of coping with anxiety
PROBLEM FOCUSED EMOTION FOCUSED
129
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what is problem focused coping
effort to manage problem causing anxiety
130
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS examples of problem focused coping (5)
info gathering pre comp plan goal setting self talk time management
131
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what is emotion focused coping
regulate emotional response to problem causing stress/anxiety
132
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS examples of emotional focused coping
- meditation - relaxation - wishful thinking - reappraisal - mental/behavioural withdrawal
133
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what is The Matching Hypothesis
anxiety management technique should be matched to anxiety problem
134
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what type of relaxation should be paired with: 1) cognitive anxiety 2) somatic anxiety
1) mental relaxation 2) physical relaxation
135
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS muscle relaxation what is it who discovered
tensing specific muscle groups then relax Jacobson 1938
136
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS who developed applied variant of muscle relaxation
öst 1988
137
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what does breathing in / out do to muscle tension
in = increase out = decrease
138
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS when to breath in sports
- break in play e.g: before tennis serve - enhance skill execution e.g: powerlfting brace
139
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what is pressure training AKA
SIT, stress inoculating training
140
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS pressure training 3 elements that may stress athlete (3)
TASK STRESSOR: equipment ENVIRONMENT STRESSOR: heat PERFORMER STRESSOR: restrict tactical info to replicate gameplay
141
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what is pressure training used for?
teach athletes how to cope with these things under pressure make athlete aware why doing it
142
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS 3 types of self talk (3)
POSITIVE - keep going INSTRUCTIONAL - eyes on the ball NEGATIVE - you're going to loose
143
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS how can self talk be a POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILL
increase concentration increase self confidence
144
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS how can self talk be a NEGATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILL
negative internal distractor to attention + concentration
145
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS early ideas of cognitive therapy self talk draws on (2)
- rational emotional behaviour therapy Ellis 1957 challenge athlete belief theory - cognitive therapy CBT; Beck 1975 challenge pattern between thought/ feeling/behaviour
146
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what are the 2 types of ORGANIC self talk
SPONTANEOUS: what automatically comes to mind "what a stupid shot that was" GOAL DIRECTED: rational response to emotions "focus you can do this "
147
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS describe strategic self talk
pre determined , plan to trigger motivational functions "bounce" "focus" "breathe"
148
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS things to consider when using pst (3)
individual differences culture coaching
149
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what is thought stopping
trigger ord to stop thoughts e.g: "stop"
150
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS what is negative--positive self talk known as
reframing
151
PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS ways to turn - to + self talk (5)
phrases short/specific + phrases phrases with meaning speak kindly repeat phrases often

SEM 2 (26 decks)

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