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digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

6 functions

A

ingestion
mechanical processing
digestion
secretion
absorption
excretion

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2
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

subdivisions of digestive tract (6)

A

1) oral cavity, teeth, tongue
2) pharynx
3) oesophagus
4) stomach - chemical breakdown
5) small intestine - enzymatic breakdown + absorption
6) large intestine

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3
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

accessory organs of digestive system (4)

A

1) salivary glands
2) liver - secrete bile
3) gallbladder - store bile
4) pancreas - secrete buffers + enzymes

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4
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

what is the peritoneum

A

serous membrane of abdominal cavity

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5
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

2 components of peritoneum

A

SEROUS MEMBRANE
visceral layer = organs
parietal layer = cavities

PERITONEAL FLUID
lube for sliding

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6
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

mesenteries

what are they?
what do they do?
where are they found?

A

fold in membrane, attach intestine to stomach lining

expansion/contraction

suspend digestive tract

pass of blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels between digestive organs

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7
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

what does digestive tract protect against (3)

A

mechanical stresses

bacteria

digestive acids + enzymes

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8
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4 layers of digestive tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscular externa
serosa

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9
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

digestive tract mucosa

inside

(3)

A

MUCOSA EPITHELIUM
strat squam epithet in: oral cav, pharynx, oesophagus.

simple columnar everywhere else

LAMINA PROPRIA
areolar tissue

MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
inner circle layer/ outer longitudinal layer

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10
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

digestive tract submucosa

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • large blood vessels , lymphatic vessels
  • exocrine glands , buffer and enzymes in tract
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11
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

what is the submucosal plexus

A

neural network between mucosa + submucosa

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12
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

digestive tract muscular externa

movements coordinated by _____

A

smooth muscle cells

ENS enteric nervous system

parasympathetic div of ANS

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13
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

digestive tract serosa

what is it?
replaced by? where?

(outside)

A

serous membrane, slippery for smooth movement

area outside peritoneum:
oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, rectum
= ADVENTITIA instead

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14
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

what cells control movement of food

where are they

A

pacesetter cells

between mucosa + externa

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15
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

moving food

controlled by what cells?
2 processes?

A

pacesetter cells

PERISTALISIS: wave contraction, push/pull food

SEGMENTATION: not set pattern of contraction

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16
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

oral cavity functions
(6)

A
  1. sensory analysis
  2. mechanical processing
  3. lubrication
  4. limited digestion
  5. passage for food liquid air
  6. open to oropharynx
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17
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

what 2 things are produced in the mouth which does some digestion

A

salivary amylase - carbs

lingual lipase - lipids

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18
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

saliva functions (3)

A

lube mouth + food

dissolve chemicals

initiate digestion of complex carbs

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19
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

names of salivary glands (3)

controlled by (2)

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

sympathetic, parasympathetic stimulation

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20
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4 phases of swallowing

A
  1. buccal phase , tongue moves bolus back
  2. pharyngeal phase , epiglottis close off trachea
  3. oesophageal phase, food down
  4. bolus enter stomach, muscle prevents food going back
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21
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

oesophagus

role
layers (4)

A

move food/liquid to stomach

mucosa (inner)
submucosa
muscular externa
adventitia (outer)

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22
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

stomach functions (4)

A

store ingested food

mechanical breakdown

chemical breakdown:
- by enzymes (pepsin = break protein)
- by acid (HCL reduce ph)

produce intrinsic factor (absorb b12)

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23
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

stomach lining layer (5)

A

simple columnar epithelium (produce mucous)

gastric pits – gastric glands (cells divide at bottom to replace damaged cells by e.g: acids )

submucosa

muscularis externa

serosa

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24
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

3 components of muscular externa in stomach lining

A

oblique muscle
circular muscle
longitudinal muscle

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25
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM where would you find gastric glands?
fundus and body of stomach
26
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3 types of cells in gastric glands
PARIETAL CELLS secrete intrinsic factor + HCL CHIEF CELLS secrete pepsinogen covert to pepsin by HCL G CELLS secrete gastrin
27
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM where would you find PYLORIC GLANDS
pylorus, where stomach narrows
28
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM pyloric glands what do they do? what cells here?
produce mucous G CELLS = secrete gastrin , hormone that increase stomach activity D cells = release somatostatin (inhibit gastrin)
29
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM how do parietal cells secrete HCL
1)enzyme: carbonic anhydrase convert CO2 + H20 = carbonic acid dissociate -- = H- ions 2) eject bicarbonate atoms import chloride ions 3) chloride ions diffuse across cell exit: chloride channels into gastric gland lumen 4) H ions actively transported --- gastric gland lumen
30
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM mechanism help protect stomach from acid/protease (6)
mucous lining rapid cell div seperate secretion of H+, Cl- in parietal cell secrete inactive precursor (pepsinogen) stimulate secretion only when needed inhibition of secretion
31
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3 inhibitors of secretion
CCK GIP secretin
32
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM small intestine regions (3)
duodenum jejunum ileum
33
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM duodenum
proximal receive pancreas + liver secretion start digestion small villi 25 cm few plica circulares
34
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM jejunum
large sa chemical digestion 2.5m long villi + plica circulares
35
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ileum
immune functions 3.5m long
36
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM villi what is its sa? what's in it? what absorbs fat?
large sa capillaries + lymphatic capillaries fat absorbed by lacteal Brush border of microvilli
37
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM what is the scientific name for lymphatic capillary? what do they do
lacteal absorb fats
38
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM what happens to cells in the intestinal gland?
divide at bottom, displaced at top of villi disintegrate when add enzyme to lumen
39
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM brush border enzymes role what is here thatc actives___________
break materials in contact with brush border enteropeptidase = activate trypsinogen (pancreatic proenzyme)
40
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM enteroendocrine cells role 2 hormones examples
produce hormone CCK + secretin: increase enzyme/bile secretion GIP gastric inhibitory peptide: inhibit gastrin activity, slows stomach
41
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM duodenal glands role
produce mucus increase pH
42
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM intestinal juice what does it do? what does it contain?
moisten chyme buffer acids
43
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM what does pancreatic juice include what breaks down: 1) cho 2) lipids/fats 3) nucleic acids 4) proteases/ peptidase
pancreatic enzymes: 1) alpha amylase 2) lipase 3) nucleases 4) old protein/peptide molecules
44
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - pancreas endocrine cells secrete = where exocrine cells secrete = where
ENDOCRINE = insulin + glucagon into blood pancreatic islet EXOCRINE = pancreatic juice pancreatic acini
45
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ______ is one of the largest organs of the body, adjacent to stomach
liver
46
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM where does the liver get 1/3 of its blood 2/3 of its blood
1/3 = hepatic artery proper 2/3 = hepatic portal vein (came from many locations to here)
47
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - liver what is a corner of a lobule called? what do they contain?
portal area branch of: hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, bile duct
48
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM name of liver cells
hepatocytes
49
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM what happens in lobules?
blood past hepatocytes = absorb solute, secrete protein sinusoids to central vein bile ductules to bile ducts
50
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM liver metabolic functions (5)
metabolise cho, lipid, aa remove waste vitamin storage mineral storage drug inactivation
51
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM liver haematological regulation (3)
phagocytosis , antigen present plasma proteins synthesis remove hormone, antibodies, toxins
52
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3 liver functions
metabolic regulation haematological regulation bile production
53
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM gallbladder bile transport pathway (5)
1) Liver secrete bile 2) Stored, concentrated in gallblader 3) Duodenal release CCK = hepatopancreatic sphincter relax , gallbladder contract 4) Bile ejected into duodenum 5) Bile salts break lipid droplets (emulsifcation)
54
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM where are cells that secrete digestive enzymes located?
pancreatic acini
55
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM function of large intestine (4)
ABSORPTION (reabsorption water +. bile salts) BACTERIAL VITAMIN PRODUCTION COMPACT CONTENTS -- FAECES STORE FAECES -- DEFAECATION
56
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM large intestine structure
no villi = smooth surface mucous cells muscular externa + thin strips of taeniae coli
57
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - neural control of intestine 1) LOCAL REFLEXES responds ot? 2) CENTRAL CONTROL (2) what increase what? what inhibits?
1) local response, stretch, ph change 2) PARASYMPATHETIC: increase motility/secretion SYMPATHETIC: inhibit
58
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - neural control of intestine name of reflex that: 1) stimulate motility + secretion along small intestine 2) open valve between small + large intestine
1) gastroenteric reflex 2) gastroileal reflex
59
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GASTRIN 1) stimulated by: 2) stimulates ... :
1) food in stomach 2) increase acid production stimulate Smooth muscle contract
60
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GIP 1) stimulated by: 2) inhibits... 3) stimulates... :
1) chyme in duodenum = stretch 2) inhibit gastrin 3)stimulate insulin from pancreas
61
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SECRETIN + CCK 1) stimulated by: 2) stimulates... :
1) chyme in duodenum 2) - release pancreatic enzyme + buffers - bile secretion
62
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM VIP 1) stimulated by: 2) stimulates... :
1) chyme in duodenum 2) dilate intestine capillary = blood flow up to absorb food
63
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM name the 5 hormones produced by digestive system to increase food absorption
GASTRIN GIP CCK SECRETIN VIP
64
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM summarise how CARBOHYDRATES are broken down
1) salivary amylase, oral cavity 2) stomach: -- disaccharide, trisaccharides 3) small intestine: pancreatic alpha amylase 4) enzymes in brush border-- simple sugar 5) capillaries, through liver, bloodstream
65
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM summarise how LIPIDS are broken down
1) lingual lipase ,tongue 2) bile salt + pancreatic lipase (small intestine) ---- FA 3) FA diffuse in small intestine cells 4) packaged into chylomicrons ---- lacteals
66
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM summarise how PROTEINS are broken down
1) pepsin , stomach 2) pancreatic proteases , proteins -- AA 3) brush border enzymes --- single AA (absorb into capillaries) 4) filtered in liver
67
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM what is it called when bicarbonate enter blood stream from stomach parietal cells
alkaline tide
68
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM what does bile do
break insoluble lipid droplets increase SA exposed to enzyme attack
69
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM where are cells that secrete digestive enzymes located
pancreatic acini
70
resting muscle tone
superior 3cm oesophagus prevent air from entering

SEM 2 (29 decks)

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