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digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

6 functions

A

ingestion
mechanical processing
digestion
secretion
absorption
excretion

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2
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

subdivisions of digestive tract (6)

A

1) oral cavity, teeth, tongue
2) pharynx
3) oesophagus
4) stomach
5) small intestine
6) large intestine

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3
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

accessory organs of digestive system (4)

A

1) salivary glands
2) liver
3) gallbladder
4) pancreas

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4
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

what is the peritoneum

A

serous membrane of abdominal cavity

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5
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

2 components of peritoneum

A

SEROUS MEMBRANE
visceral layer = organs
parietal layer = cavities

PERITONEAL FLUID
lube for sliding

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6
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

mesenteries

A

fold in membrane, attach intestine to stomach lining

expansion/contraction

suspend digestive tract

pass of blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

what does digestive tract protect against (3)

A

mechanical stresses
bacteria
digestive acids + enzymes

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8
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4 layers of digestive tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscular externa
serosa

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9
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

digestive tract mucosa

inside

(3)

A

MUCOSA EPITHELIUM
strat. squam. epithet. in: oral cav, pharynx, oesophagus.

LAMINA PROPRIA
areolar tissue

MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
inner circle layer/ outer longitudinal layer

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10
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

digestive tract submucosa

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • large blood vessels , lymphatic vessels
  • exocrine glands , buffer and enzymes in tract
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11
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

what is the submucosal plexus

A

neural network between mucosa + submucosa

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12
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

digestive tract muscular externa

movements coordinated by _____

A

smooth muscle cells

ENS enteric nervous system ,
innervated by parasympathetic div of ANS

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13
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

digestive tract serosa

replaced by? where?

(outside)

A

serous membrane

replaced by adventitia (dense collagen fibre sheet) :
oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, rectum

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14
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

what cells control movement of food

A

pacesetter cells

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15
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

3 stages of moving food

A
  1. contract circular muscle behind bolus
  2. contract longitudinal muscle ahead of bolus
  3. contract circular muscle layer . force bolus forward
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16
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

oral cavity functions
(6)

A
  1. sensory analysis
  2. mechanical processing
  3. lubrication
  4. limited digestion
  5. passage for food liquid air
  6. open to oropharynx
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17
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

saliva functions (3)

A

lube mouth + food
dissolve chemicals
initiate digestion of complex carbs

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18
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

salivary glands (3)

controlled by (2)

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

sympathetic, parasympathetic stimulation

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19
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4 phases of swallowing

A
  1. buccal phase
  2. pharyngeal phase
  3. oesophageal phase
  4. bolus enter stomach
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20
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

oesophagus

layers (4)

A

move food/liquid to stomach

mucosa (inner)
submucosa
muscular externa
adventitia (outer)

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21
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

stomach functions (4)

A

store ingested food

mechanical breakdown

chemical breakdown:
- by enzymes (pepsin = break protein)
- by acid (HCL reduce ph)

produce intrinsic factor (absorb b12)

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22
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

stomach lining layer (5)

A

simple columnar epithelium (produce mucous)

gastric pits – gastric glands (cells divide at bottom to replace damaged cells by e.g: acids )

submucosa

muscularis externa

serosa

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23
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

3 components of muscular externa in stomach lining

A

oblique muscle
circular muscle
longitudinal muscle

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24
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

where would you find gastric glands?

A

fundus and body of stomach

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25
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3 types of cells in gastric glands
PARIETAL CELLS secrete intrinsic factor + HCL CHIEF CELLS secrete pepsinogen covert to pepsin by HCL G CELLS secrete gastrin
26
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM where would you find PYLORIC GLANDS
pylorus, where stomach narrows
27
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM pyloric glands what do they do? what cells here?
produce mucous G CELLS = secrete gastrin D cells = release somatostatin (inhibit gastrin)
28
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM how do parietal cells secrete HCL
1)enzyme: carbonic anhydrase convert CO2 + H20 --- carbonic acid dissociate -- = H- ions 2) countertransport mechanism: eject bicarbonate atoms import chloride ions 3) chloride ions diffuse across cell exit: chloride channels into gastric gland lumen 4) H ions actively transported --- gastric gland lumen
29
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM mechanism help protect stomach from acid/protease (6)
mucous lining rapid cell div seperate secretion of H+, Cl- in parietal cell secrete inactive precursor (pepsinogen) stimulate secretion only when needed inhibition of secretion
30
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3 inhibitors of secretion
CCK GIP secretin
31
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM small intestine regions (3)
duodenum jejunum ileum
32
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM duodenum
proximal receive pancreas + liver secretion start digestion small villi 25 cm
33
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM jejunum
large sa chemical digestion 2.5m long
34
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ileum
immune functions 3.5m long
35
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM villi
large sa capillaries + lymphatic capillaries Brush border of microvilli
36
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM what is the scientific name for lymphatic capillary? what do they do
lacteal absorb fats
37
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM what happens to cells in the intestinal gland?
divide at bottom, displaced at top of villi disintegrate when add enzyme to lumen
38
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM brush border enzymes role
break materials in contact with brush border enteropeptidase = activate trypsinogen (pancreatic proenzyme)
39
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM enteroendocrine cells role 2 hormones examples
produce hormone CCK + secretin: increase enzyme/bile secretion GIP gastric inhibitory peptide: inhibit gastrin activity, slows stomach
40
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM duodenal glands role
produce mucus increase pH
41
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM intestinal juice
moisten chyme buffer acids
42
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM what does pancreatic juice include what breaks down: 1) cho 2) lipids/fats 3) nucleic acids 4) proteases/ peptidase
pancreatic enzymes: 1) alpha amylase 2) lipase 3) nucleases 4) old protein/peptide molecules
43
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - pancreas endocrine cells secrete = exocrine cells secrete =
ENDOCRINE = insulin + glucagon into blood EXOCRINE = pancreatic juice
44
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ______ is one of the largest organs of the body, adjacent to stomach
liver
45
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM where does the liver get 1/3 of its blood 2/3 of its blood
1/3 = hepatic artery proper 2/3 = hepatic portal vein (came from many locations to here)
46
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - liver what is a corner of a lobule called? what do they contain?
portal area branch of: hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, bile duct
47
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM name of liver cells
hepatocytes
48
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM what happens in lobules?
blood past hepatocytes = absorb solute, secrete protein --- sinusoids bile --- bile ducts
49
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM liver metabolic functions (5)
metabolise cho, lipid, aa remove waste vitamin storage mineral storage drug inactivation
50
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM liver haematological regulation (3)
phagocytosis , antigen present plasma proteins synthesis remove hormone, antibodies, toxins
51
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3 liver functions
metabolic regulation haematological regulation bile production
52
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM gallbladder bile transport pathway (5)
1) Liver secrete bile 2) Stored, concentrated in gallblader 3) Duodenal release CCK = hepatopancreatic sphincter relax , gallbladder contract 4) Bile ejected into duodenum 5) Bile salts break lipid droplets (emulsifcation)
53
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM where are cells that secrete digestive enzymes located?
pancreatic acini
54
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM function of large intestine (4)
ABSORPTION (water +. bile salts) BACTERIAL VITAMIN PRODUCTION COMPACT CONTENTS -- FAECES STORE FAECES -- DEFAECATION
55
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM large intestine structure
no villi = smooth surface mucous cells muscular externa + thin strips of taeniae coli
56
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - neural control of intestine 1) LOCAL REFLEXES 2) CENTRAL CONTROL (2)
1) local response, stretch, ph change 2) PARASYMPATHETIC: increase motility/secretion SYMPATHETIC: inhibit
57
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - neural control of intestine name of reflex that: 1) stimulate motility + secretion along small intestine 2) open valve between small + large intestine
1) gastroenteric reflex 2) gastroileal reflex
58
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GASTRIN 1) stimulated by: 2) stimulates ... :
1) food in stomach 2) increase acid production stimulate Smooth muscle contract
59
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GIP 1) stimulated by: 2) stimulates... :
1) chyme in duodenum = stretch 2) inhibit gastrin stimulate insulin from pancreas
60
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SECRETIN + CCK 1) stimulated by: 2) stimulates... :
1) chyme in duodenum 2) - release pancreatic enzyme + buffers - bile secretion
61
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM VIP 1) stimulated by: 2) stimulates... :
1) chyme in duodenum 2) dilate intestine capillary = blood flow up to absorb food
62
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM name the 5 hormones produced by digestive system to increase food absorption
GASTRIN GIP CCK SECRETIN VIP
63
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM summarise how CARBOHYDRATES are broken down
1) salivary amylase, oral cavity 2) stomach: -- disaccharide, trisaccharides 3) small intestine: pancreatic alpha amylase 4) enzymes in brush border-- simple sugar 5) capillaries, through liver, bloodstream
64
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM summarise how LIPIDS are broken down
1) lingual lipase ,tongue 2) bile salt + pancreatic lipase (small intestine) ---- FA 3) FA diffuse in small intestine cells 4) packaged into chylomicrons ---- lacteals
65
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM summarise how PROTEINS are broken down
1) pepsin , stomach 2) pancreatic proteases , proteins -- AA 3) brush border enzymes --- single AA (absorb into capillaries) 4) filtered in liver

SEM 2 (23 decks)

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