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endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

what does it regulate (3)

A

growth
development
reproduction

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2
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

what does it consist of (2)

A

hormones
glands

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3
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

4 glands

A

hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal
parathyroid

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4
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

what does: hypothalamus produce

A

regulatory hormones

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5
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

what does POSTERIOR pituitary gland produce

A

oxytocin
ADH

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6
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

what does pineal gland produce

what does it secrete

where is it

A

melatonin ,

pinealocytes

maintain circadium rhythms

the brain

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7
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

what does parathyroid gland produce

A

PTH (para thyroid hormone)

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8
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

where are adrenal glands located

what do they secrete in which part

A

top of kidney

medulla: adrenaline + noradrenaline

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9
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

what do pancreatic islets do

A

control blood sugar levels

insulin, glucagon

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10
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

role of endocrine system

A

communication between blood stream with hormones

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11
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

when is the only time a hormone will work

A

when it reaches target cell with receptor

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12
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

3 types of hormones

A

AA derivatives

peptide hormones

lipid derivatives

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13
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

AA derivative hormones

A

small
similar structure to AA

1/2 lipid sol, 1/2 water sol

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14
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

peptide hormones

A

chains of AA
largest class of hormones

water sol

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15
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

lipid derivatives

A

steroid - lipid sol

eicosanoids - water sol

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16
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2 location of receptors

A

ON CELL: G protein – second signals

INSIDE CELL: for lipid sol hormones

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17
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

how is cAMP activated (4)

A

1) hormone bind to receptor, activate G protein – activate enzyme: ADENYLATE CYCLASE

2) this contest ATP - cAMP

3) cAMP activate kinase enzymes

4) kinases effected target cell

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18
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

example how same hormone may have different effect

A

hormone may breakdown cAMP instead of stimulate it

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19
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

steroid hormone process (6)

A

1) diffuse through membrane lipids

2) hormone bind to receptor in cytoplasm/nucleus

3) hormone-receptor complex bind to DNA

4) gene activation

5) transcription + mRNA production

6) translation + protein synthesis

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20
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

what’s the difference between thyroid + steroid hormone action

A

THYROID has mitochondria receptors – increases atp production

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21
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

how are free hormones V steroid/thyroid hormones

regulated

A

FREE = broken down liver, kidney, plasma enzymes

THYROID/STEROID = remain in blood stream

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22
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

HYPOTHALAMUS location + role

A

between nervous + endocrine systems

regulatory hormones
effect pituitary function

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23
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

PITUITARY GLAND locations + role

A

next to hypothalamus

ANTERIOR = hormones control other endocrine glands

POSTERIOR = oxytocin + ADH release

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24
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - hypothalamus

production of ADH + oxytocin causes ….

A

release of ADH (anti diuretic) + oxytocin (lactation)

through dendrites
release from posterior pituitary

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25
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - hypothalamus release of regulatory hormones act on...... to
endocrine cells of anterior pituitary secrete hormones through blood to control other endocrine organs
26
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM what stimulates secretion of catecholamines
preganglionic motor fibres from hypothalamus to adrenal gland
27
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM name of joining between hypothalamus and pituitary gland
infundibulum
28
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - pituitary gland located where? tissue in anterior + posterior name of structure between
located in sphenoid bone hollow posterior - neural tissue anterior - endocrine tissue pars intermedia
29
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - pituitary gland what does .... secrete? 1) anterior 2) pars intermedia 3) posterior
1) pituitary hormones 2) MSH 3) ADH, oxytocin
30
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM regulatory factors journey from hypothalamus to pituitary (4)
1) neurosecretory neurones @ median eminence 2) fenestrated capillary in beds in hypothalamus 3) portal veins 4) capillary bed in anterior pituitary
31
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM what does the ANTERIOR pituitary gland produce (7)
ACTH - release cortisol from adrenal cortex TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone GH - growth hormone PRL FSH LH MSH
32
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM endocrine communication
hormones through bloodstream target cells have appropriate receptors
33
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM do endocrine glands have ducts? what are they made of
no endocrine cells
34
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM how do anabolic steroids build muscle which ones don't
receptors in muscle, stimulate oestrogen, progesterone, cortisol
35
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM risk of anabolic steroids
teens: stunted growth males: reduced sperm count, prostrate cancer females: facial hair, menstrual cycle disruption damage to liver, cv system
36
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM what happens to: 1) free hormones 2) thyroid/steroid hormones after secretion
1) unfunctional after 1hour bind to receptors broken down in liver, kidney, enzymes 2) into bloodstream
37
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM what side of the pituitary gland is the anterior and posterior
anterior = left posterior = right
38
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1) what is PRL 2) where is it released 3) what is its inhibiting hormone?
1) prolactin 2) hypothalamus 3) PIH
39
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1) what is GH 2) where is it released 3) what is its releasing/inhibiting hormone?
growth hormone hypothalamus releasing: GH-RH inhibiting: GH-IH
40
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM how does hypothalamus link nervous and endocrine system?
1) secrete regulatory hormones, act on anterior pituitary through hypophyseal portal system 2) oxytocin + ADH into posterior pituitary 3) neural control of adrenal medulla
41
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM GH (growth hormone) 1) what gland produces it? 2) what type of hormone? 3) target cell 4) key actions 5) regulation
1) anterior pituitary 2) peptide 3) liver 4) - stimulate cell div in epithelial + connective - stimulate triglyceride breakdown in apidocytes - stimulate liver glycogen breakdown 5) GHRH stim anterior pituitary to release GH
42
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ADH 1) what gland produces it? 2) what type of hormone? 3) target cell 4) key actions 5) regulation
1) posterior pituitary 2) peptide 3) kidney 4) retain fluid, reabsorb fluid at kidney, increase BP 5) activated by osmoreceptors
43
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PINEAL GLAND 1) what does it contain? 2) what is it close to? 3) how does light effect it 4) melatonin effect 5) where is it
1) neurones 2) visual pathways 3) light effect pinealocytes , secretes melatonin 4) influence cardiac rhythm antioxidant 5) brain
44
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THYROID GLAND 1) where is it located? 2) the two _____ are connected by narrow __________ 3) what 2 hormones are released 4) what do the hormones increase?
1) infropnt of trachea 2) lobes isthmus 3) thyroxine T4 triiodothyronine T3 4) increase sodium, potassium, ATPase production
45
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM thyroid hormones effects
- increase o2 + energy consumption - increase HR - RBC production - increase bone turnover - effect other endocrine tissues - sympathetic stimulation more sensitive
46
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM what do thyroid follicles contain what is their structure like what is released that contains T4 and T3
colloid (protein fluid) hollow spheres, cuboidal epithelium, capillaries iodine
47
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM what do follicle cells in thyroid synthesise
tyrosine rich thyroglobulin
48
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM what can iodine deficiency cause
swelling of thyroid gland
49
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- C CELLS 1) what do they produce? 2) what does this cause? 3) when is it produced?
1) calcitonin 2) calcium homeostasis 3) produced in high Ca levels, store in bone increase excretion of Ca by kidney
50
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM summarise the cycle of how calcitonin regulates Ca ion concentration
1) homeostasis disturbed 2) thyroid gland produces calcitonin 3) increase Ca release from kidneys Ca deposition in bone 4) homeostasis restored
51
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM summarise the cycle of how PTH regulated Ca ion concentration
1) homeostasis disturbed 2) parathyroid gland secrete PTH 3) - kidney absorbed Ca - Ca release from bone - increase calcitriol = digestive system absorb Ca2+
52
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PARATHYROID GLAND 1) size and where 2) what cells produce PTH 3) when it PTH released
1) small, posterior of thyroid 2) parathyroid chief cells 3) when serum Ca levels decline
53
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - adrenal glands what are the INNER and OUTER layers what do they release
INNER - medulla , catecholamines OUTER - cortex, glucocorticoids
54
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - adrenal gland layers what are the 3 layers of the cortex (Inside to outside)
ZONA RECTICULARIS ZONE FASCICULATA ZONA GLOMERULOSA
55
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - adrenal glands MEDULLA releases? this does?
catecholamines fight or flight increase hr + blood glucose
56
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - adrenal gland layers ZONA RECTICULARIS releases? effect?
androgens (steroid) anabolic effects
57
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - adrenal gland layers ZONA FASCICULATA releases? effects?
glucorticoids e.g; cortisol glucose synthesis, fat + protein catabolism anti inflamatory
58
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - adrenal gland layers ZONA GLOMERULOSA releases? effects?
mineralocorticoids electrolyte composition
59
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM how is blood pressure regulated (6)
1) homeostasis disturbed 2) less blood flow + o2 to kidney 3) erythropoietin + renin released 4) erythropoietin increase RBC 5) renin activates angiostensin = ADH + aldosterone -- increase fluid intake + retention 6) homeostasis restored
60
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - pancreas what cells does a pancreatic islet release what do these cells do
ALPHA CELL: glucagon - increase blood glucose BETA CELL: insulin - lower blood glucose
61
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ways how beta cells secreting insulin regulates blood glucose (5)
1) increase glucose transport into cells 2) increase use of glucose + atp production 3) increase glucose - glucagon 4) increase AA absorption + protein synthesis 5) increase triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue
62
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM how does alpha cells secreting glucagon regulate blood glucose levels (3)
1) increase breakdown of glycogen - glucose in liver muscle etc 2) increase breakdowns of fat- FA 3) increase synthesis + release of glucose in liver
63
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM what is the name for abnormally high blood glucose
hyperglycaemia
64
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM what hormone has an opposite effect to PTH
calcitonin
65
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM patterns of hormonal interaction (4)
1) antagonist (opposite effect) 2) synergistic (additive) effect 3) permissive (one needed for other to work) 4) integrative different effects but complementary
66
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 3 phases of general adaptive syndrome
1) alarm phase 2) resistance phase 3) exhaustion phase
67
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - general adaptive syndrome ALARM PHASE what happens (4)
fight or flight - change circulation - increase hr + breathing - increase cell energy use - glucose reserves used
68
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - general adaptive syndrome RESISTANCE PHASE
long term metabolic adjustment - increase GH - increase glucagon - glucose - increase ACTH -- maintain h20 + electrolyte balance
69
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - general adaptive syndrome EXHAUSTION PHASE
- lipid reserves exhausted - electrolytes unbalanced - vital organs damaged - glucocorticoids not produced

SEM 2 (23 decks)

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