Renal - Acute Kidney Disease Flashcards
(49 cards)
What acute kidney injury?
A sudden decline in renal function leading to the retention of nitrogenous wastes
What is AKI in regards to creatinine?
It is a small increase in creatinine
Generally, what are the pre-renal causes of AKI?
inadequate delivery of blood flow to the kidneys which decreases GFR
Generally what are the renal causes of AKI?
direct damage to some part of the kidney (majority of cases are tubular damage)
Generally what are the post-renal causes of AKI?
Decreased GFR due to increased hydrostatic pressure secondary to obstruction
What are the most commonly seen intrinsic factors of AKI?
leptospirosis, pyelonephritis, ischemia, and toxic
What are the risk factors for (hospital-acquired) AKI?
volume depletion/hypoperfusion, anesthesia and surgery, sepsis, and nephrotoxic drugs, and pre-existing renal disease
What are the four phases of the pathophysiology of AKI?
initiation, extension, maintenance, and recovery
What occurs during the initiation phase of AKI?
Renal insult occurs; phase ends when there is a definable decrease in function
What occurs during the extension phase of AKI?
Injury is perpetuated by hypoxia, inflammation, etc.
What occurs during the maintenance phase of AKI?
Critical damage has occured; duration is variable (weeks)
What occurs during the recovery phase of AKI?
Renal damage is repaired; duration variable (weeks to months)
When is the best time to intervene with treatment for AKI?
During the initiation phase
What history is associated with AKI?
Acute-onset (hours-days) of clinical signs, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, lethargy, and variable urination changes
May or may not have toxin exposure
On PE what will you see in patients with AKI?
Usually good body condition
Variable hydration
+/- uremic breath/halitosis, oral ulceration
+/- renal enlargement or pain
+/- other physical exam findings depending on underlying disease
What CBC changes may be found in AKI patients?
+/- anemia
What may you find on chemistry in an AKI patient?
Azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, metabolic acidosis, variable K values (hyperkalemia with oliguria/anuria)
What may you find on UA in a patient with AKI?
Isosthenuria or minimally concentrated urine
Proteinuria or glucosuria may be present
Casts will indicate ongoing damage
What additional diagnostics should you consider with AKI patients?
Leptospirosis testing if indicated, urine culture, ethylene glycol testing, abdominal testing, blood pressure
What are the treatment goals for patients with AKI?
Stop the ongoing injury, aid in the recovery of kidney cells, and support the patient by managing complications
What should you do first in patients with AKI?
Diagnose and treat for specific underlying etiology whenever possible
What non-specific supportive care can be provided until renal recovery?
Fluid balance, electrolytes, acid base status, blood pressure, GI complications, and nutrition
How is urine output in AKI?
It can be increased, normal, or decreased to absent
What urine output is associated with polyuria?
> 2 ml/kg/hr
