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anatomy > statistics exam 1 > Flashcards

statistics exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the basic unit of an experiment upon which the treatment is applied.

A

individual

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2
Q

An experimental condition where neither the subjects nor the diagnosticians (doctor, nurse, etc) know which treatment each subject received.

A

double blind

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3
Q

a weakness in experiments where the setting of the experiment does not realistically duplicate the conditions we really want to study.

A

lack of realism

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4
Q

an experimental design where all individuals are assigned at random to treatments

A

completely randomized

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5
Q

a study in which treatments are imposed on the individuals before responses are measured.

A

experiment

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6
Q

the grouping of individuals according to some similar characteristics. The random allocation is carried out separately within each group.

A

Blocking

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7
Q

A treatment where either no experimental condition or a placebo treatment is applied to the individuals in order to determine whether the active treatment works. This together with randomization enables the researcher to “control” lurking variables.

A

control

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8
Q

A study in which data are gathered without imposing treatments on the individuals.

A

observational study

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9
Q

A variable that is studied to determine whether it affects the outcomes of a study.

A

explanatory variable

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10
Q

A variable that has an effect on the response variable but is not included as one of the variables in a study.

A

lurking variable

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11
Q

the response of patients to any treatment that has no physical effect.

A

placebo effect

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12
Q

a method of assigning individuals to treatment groups that eliminates bias and gives each unit the same probability of being assigned to any treatment group.

A

randomization

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13
Q

results of a study that differ too much from what we expected because of randomization to attribute to chance.

A

statistically significant

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14
Q

a situation where the effect of one variable on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of another variable on the response variable.

A

confounding

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15
Q

The application all the treatment combinations to more than one individual within an experiment

A

replication

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16
Q

Type of sampling required for inference.

A

sample selected with some type of random device

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17
Q

Using results from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population.

A

inference

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18
Q

A sampling scheme where the population has been divided into strata according to some characteristic and a simple random sample is selected from each stratum.

A

stratified sample

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19
Q

A sample selected in such a way that the probability of each possible sample of size n has a known chance of being selected.

A

probability sample

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20
Q

A method of sample selection that consists of people choosing themselves by responding to a general appeal.

A

voluntary response sample

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21
Q

A condition that occurs when the design of a study systematically favors certain outcomes.

A

bias

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22
Q

The entire group of individuals about whom we desire to collect information.

A

population of interest

23
Q

A subgroup of the population that we actually examine and about whom we gather information

A

sample

24
Q

A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that every possible sample of size n has an equally likely chance of being selected.

A

simple random sample

25
Q

A sample type where the researcher contacts those subjects who are readily available and does not use any random selection.

A

convenience sample

26
Q

An observation that falls outside the overall pattern of the data set.

A

outlier

27
Q

measure for the center of the data that “balances” the data.

A

mean

28
Q

a measure of the center of data that splits the ordered data in half.

A

median

29
Q

A location measure of the data that has approximately one fourth or 25% of the data below it.

A

Q1

30
Q

A location measure of the data that has approximately one fourth or 25% of the data above it.

A

Q3

31
Q

s

A

sample standard deviation

32
Q

r

A

correlation coefficient

33
Q

n

A

sample size

34
Q

A representative measure of the deviations of the data about the mean

A

standard deviation

35
Q

maximum observation minus the minimum observation

A

range

36
Q

A measure of the “average” or typical deviation of the observations about the mean.

A

standard deviation

37
Q

The difference between the third quartile and the first quartile.

A

IQR, interquartile range

38
Q

the measure of variability that should be used for strongly skewed data or data with outliers.

A

interquartile range

39
Q

A curve that is mound shaped symmetric used to model data from measurements on animal species.

A

Normal Distribution

40
Q

A normal distribution that has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one.

A

standard normal distribution

41
Q

A measure of the number of standard deviations of a value or observation from the mean.

A

z-score

42
Q

In a normal distribution, the percentages of values that are within on e standard deviation of the mean.

A

68%

43
Q

In a normal distribution, the percentage of values that are within two standard deviations of the mean.

A

95%

44
Q

A graph for categorical data

A

bar graph

45
Q

A plot of data that incorporates the maximum observation, the minimum observation, the first quartile, the second quartile, and the third quartile.

A

boxplot

46
Q

A distribution where the left side of the distribution extends in a long tail.

A

left skewed

47
Q

A list of the possible values of a variable together with the frequencies of each value.

A

distribution

48
Q

The shape of a distribution where the mean exceeds the median.

A

right skewed

49
Q

A plot used to provide a picture of one variable quantitative data.

A

stemplot, dotplot, histogram, or boxplot

50
Q

The shape of a histogram where the median exceeds the mean.

A

left-skewed

51
Q

The shape of a histogram where the mean equals the median.

A

symmetric

52
Q

The recommended plot for displaying small quantitative data sets

A

stemplot

53
Q

The preferred measures of spread and center for strongly skewed distributions or distributions with outliers.

A

median and interquartile range

anatomy (22 decks)

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