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exercise phys exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

maintenance of a constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

balance between the demands placed on a body and the physiological response to those demands

A

steady state

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3
Q

components of a biological control system

A
  1. stimulus excites receptor
  2. receptor signals integrating center of a disturbance
  3. signals effector to correct disturbance
  4. effector corects disturbance and removes stimulus
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4
Q

what does basal ganglia do?

A

smooths movements

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5
Q

motor control system

A 
primary motor cortex
cerebellum
basal ganglia
brain stem
spinal cord
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6
Q

primary descending motor pathway from motor cortex to the spinal cord motor neurons

A

corticospinal tract

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7
Q

degeneration of basal ganglia (specifically nuclei called the substania nigra)

A

parkinsons disease

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8
Q

name 4 symptoms of parkinsons

A

tremor of hands arms legs jaw
rigidity or stiffness of limbs and trunk
bradykinesia or slowness of movement
postural instability or impaired balance and coordination

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9
Q

extensors are

A

ventral

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10
Q

flexors are

A

dorsal

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11
Q

what covers the entire muscle

A

fascia

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12
Q

what covers the fascicle

A

epimysium

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13
Q

what covers the individual fibers

A

perimysium

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14
Q

what covers the individual myofibrils

A

endomysium

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15
Q

what is a motor unit:

A

motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

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16
Q

describe action potential

A

action potential leads to synapse, Ca^2+ channel opens, Ca goes into cell, ACh either binds to nicotinic receptor or gets broken down by enzyme acetylcholinesterase

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17
Q

define satellite cell and describe where its located

A

satellite cells repair damaged muscle, located between basement membrane and sarcolemma

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18
Q

what is the functional unit of muscle:

A

sarcomere

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19
Q

be able to draw sarcomere

A 
Z line
I band: only actin
 A band: both myosin and actin
H zone: only myosin
 M line
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20
Q

what do you need to dissociate myosin head from actin?

A

ATP

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21
Q

essential and regulatory

A

MLC (myosin light chain)

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22
Q

ATPase and actin-binding site

A

MHC

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23
Q

binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place

A

troponin I

24
Q

binds to tropomyosin, interlocking them to form a troponin-tropomyosin complex

A

Troponin T

25
binds to calcium ions
Troponin C
26
filamentous actin, whole picture
F actin
27
what makes the myosin head bind and perform perfect stroke
Calcium
28
elastic elements in I band, helps with stretching
Titin
29
links together adjacent myofibrils
Desmin
30
protein assemblies in striated muscle that physically couple filaments to sarcolemma
costamere
31
most important costamere
dystrophin
32
finish this sentence: the more sarcomeres,
the greater force you produce
33
what is activated by membrane depolarization?
DHP (dihydropyridine receptor)
34
then what happens?
DHP reacts with ryanodine receptor to release Ca into cytosol from SR to activate contraction
35
slow twitch fibers
type 1 fibers: slow-twitch, oxidative, MHC I
36
Fast twitch fibers
type IIx fibers: fast-twitch, glycolytic, MHC IIx | type IIa fibers: intermediate fibers, oxidative and glycolytic, MHC IIa
37
number of mitochondria
type IIx: low type IIa: high/mod type I: high
38
resistance to fatigue
type IIx:low type IIa: high/mod type I: high
39
predominant energy system
type IIx: anaerobic type IIa: combination type I: aerobic
40
myosin ATPase activity:
type IIx: highest type IIa: high type I: low
41
Vmax
type IIx: highest type IIa: intermediate type I: low
42
what muscle type creates the greatest force?
pennate because more sarcomeres = greater force
43
peak power ratio of type IIx:IIa:I
10:5:1
44
hypertrophy:
making muscle fibers bigger
45
protein right after exercise:
increases muscle protein synthesis
46
sensory fiber Ia:
muscle spindle: muscle length
47
sensory fiber Ib:
golgi tendon organ: muscle tension
48
III and IV:
free nerve endings, pain and temp
49
what happens when Golgi Tendon Organ is stimulated?
antagonist is activated and agonist is inhibited
50
what are the 2 main causes of DOMS
muscle damage and inflammation
51
prostaglandin
increases inflammation and hypertension
52
histamine
causes leaky capillaries, edema
53
what enzyme produces prostaglandins
cyclooxygenase (COX)
54
name 3 antioxidant enzymes:
superoxide dismutase catalase glutathione peroxidase
55
name 3 antioxidant molecules:
vit C vit E B-carotene
56
muscle growth inhibitor
myostatin
57
how can you reduce DOMS?
heat muscles to 40d C day before exercise | produce DOMS

anatomy (22 decks)

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