Terrorism Response and Disaster Management Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Terrorism
A
- Involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate the law
- Appears to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, government policy, or to affect the conduct of government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping
2
Q
Difference between domestic and international terrorism
A
Location
3
Q
The deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or threat of violence committed by a single actor who pursues political change linked to a formulated ideology, whether their own or that of a larger organization, and who does not receive orders, direction, or material support from outside sources
A
Lone wolf terrorism
4
Q
Categories of terrorist attacks
A
- Religious extremist groups/doomsday cults
- Extremist political groups
- Cyber terrorists
- Single-issue groups
5
Q
THREAT
A
- Threat suppression
- Hemorrhage control
- Rapid Extrication to safety
- Assessment by medical providers
- Transport to definitive care
6
Q
Response plan for active shooter
A
THREAT
7
Q
WMD
A
Weapon of mass destruction
8
Q
WMC
A
Weapon of mass casualty
9
Q
Any agent designed to bring about mass death, casualties, and/or massive damage to property and infrastructure
A
WMD or WMC
10
Q
Different kinds of WMDs (mnemonic)
A
B-NICE or CBRNE
11
Q
B-NICE
A
Biologic
Nuclear
Incendiary
Chemical
Explosive weapons
12
Q
CBRNE
A
Chemical
Biologic
Radiologic
Nuclear
Explosive weapons
13
Q
Preferred WMD for terrorists
A
Explosives
14
Q
Manufactured substances that can have devastating effects on living organisms
A
Chemical agents
15
Q
Types of chemical agents
A
- Vesicants (blister agents)
- Respiratory agents (choking agents)
- Nerve agents
- Metabolic agents (cyanides)
16
Q
Organisms that cause disease
A
Biologic agents
17
Q
Performed to artificially maximize the target population’s expose to the germ
A
Weaponization of biologic agents
18
Q
Primary types of biologic agents
A
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Toxins
19
Q
Nations that hold close ties with terrorist groups
A
State-sponsored terrorism
20
Q
RDD
A
Radiologic dispersal devices (dirty bombs)
21
Q
Key to response to terrorism
A
Situational awareness
22
Q
The planning of most acts of terror is ___
A
Covert
23
Q
NTAS
A
National Terrorism Advisory System
24
Q
Alerts from the NTAS contain ___
A
A summary of the threat and the actions that first responders, the government agencies, and the public can take to maintain safety
25
Observations to make on a call to determine the potential for a terrorist attack
1. Type of location
2. Type of call
3. Number of patients
4. Victim's statements
5. Preincident indicators
26
Most important clue that a terrorist attack has occurred
Number of patients
27
Second-best indicate that a terrorist attack has occured
Victim's statements
28
Actions to take after determining a terrorist attack has occurred
1. Scene safety
2. Responder safety
3. Notification procedures
4. Establishing command
5. Reassessing scene safety
29
How far to park from terrorist incident
Usually 1 to 2 blocks
30
Intended to primarily injure responders and to secure media coverage
Secondary device
31
Greatest threats facing you in a WMD attack
Contamination and cross-contamination
32
Occurs when you have direct contact with a WMD or are exposed to it
Contamination
33
Occurs when you come in contact with a contaminated person who has not yet been decontaminated
Cross-contamination
34
Who to notify of a terrorist attack first
Dispatcher
35
What info to provide dispatch about terrorist attack
1. Nature of event
2. Additional resources required
3. Estimated number of patients
4. Upwind route of approach or optimal route of approach
36
Liquids or gases that are dispersed to kill or injure
Chemical agents
37
The properties or characteristics of an agent can be described as ___
Liquid, gas, or solid
38
Describe how long the agent will stay on a surface before it evaporates
Persistency and volatility
39
How the agent most effectively enters the body
Route of exposure
40
Enter the body through respiratory tract in the form of vapors
Vapor hazard
41
Give off very little vapor or no vapors and enter the body through the skin
Contact hazard
42
Blister agents are also called ___
Vesicants
43
Primary route of exposure for blister agents
Skin
44
If vesicants are left on the skin or clothing long enough, ___
They produce vapors that can enter the respiratory tract
45
Vesicants cause ___
Burn-like blisters on the skin and in the respiratory tract
46
Vesicant agents
1. Sulfur mustard (H)
2. Lewisite (L)
3. Phosgene oxime (CX)
47
Vesicants usually cause the most damage to ____
Damp or moist areas of the body
48
Signs of vesicant exposure on the skin
1. Skin irritation, burning, and reddening
2. Immediate, intense skin pain (with L and CX)
3. Formation of large blisters
4. Gray discoloration of skin (signs of permanent damage seen with L and CX)
5. Swollen and closed or irritated eyes
6. Permanent eye injury (including blindness)
49
Signs of vesicant exposure if inhaled
1. Hoarseness and stridor
2. Severe cough
3. Hemoptysis
4. Severe dyspnea
50
Commonly known as mustard gas
Sulfur mustard (H)
51
Sulfur mustard appearance
Brownish, yellowish oily substance
52
Mustard gas smell
Garlic or mustard
53
Mustard gas damage to the cells happens within ___
1 to 2 minutes
54
Absorption of mustard gas through the skin or mucous membranes happens within ___
Seconds
55
Mustard gas is a ___
Mutagen
56
How long after mustard gas exposure will the patient show signs and symptoms
4 to 6 hours
57
Mustard gas attacks cells within the bone marrow and depletes the body's ability to produce ___
White blood cells
58
Primary complication associated with vesicant blisters
Secondary infection
59
Produce similar blister wounds to mustard gas, but have a more rapid onset of symptoms
Lewisite (L) and phosgene oxime (CX)
60
Which vesicants have antidotes?
1. None for mustard gas or CX exposure
2. British anti-lewisite for agent L
61
Who is best equipped to handle vesicant injuries
Burn centers
62
Gases that cause immediate harm to people exposed to them and include chlorine (Cl) and phosgene
Pulmonary agents
63
Pulmonary agents are also called ___
Choking agents
64
Primary route of exposure for choking agents
Respiratory tract
65
How to pulmonary agents affect the lungs?
Damage the tissue, and fluid leaks into lungs. Pulmonary edema develops
66
Chlorine has a distinct odor of ___
Bleach
67
Chorine creates a ___ when released as a gas
Green haze
68
Signs and symptoms of chorine exposure
Upon initial exposure:
1. Upper airway irritation and a choking sensation
Later:
1. Shortness of breath
2. Tightness in chest
3. Hoarseness and stridor
4. Gasping and coughing
69
Ammonia and bleach are similar to ___
Chlorine
70
Burning Freon creates ___
Phosgene
71
Onset of phosgene symptoms
Hours
72
Odor of phosgene
Freshly mowed grass or hay
73
Mild exposure of phosgene signs and symptoms
1. Nausea
2. Tightness in chest
3. Severe cough
4. Dyspnea on exertion
74
Severe expose of phosgene signs and symptoms
1. Dyspnea at rest
2. Excessive pulmonary edema
75
What might be coughed up with phosgene exposure?
White or pink-tinged fluid
76
Severe phosgene exposure can cause pulmonary edema so bad that ___
The patient may become hypovolemic and subsequently hypotensive
77
Best initial treatment for a patient exposed to a pulmonary agent
Remove from the environment
78
Do not allow a patient with choking agent to be ___
Active
79
Antidote for pulmonary agent
None
80
Position for patient of pulmonary agent
Position of comfort with the head elevated
81
Treatment for pulmonary agent
Manage ABCs and rapid transport (CPAP may help)
82
Deadliest chemicals
Nerve agents
83
Nerve agents are classified as ___
WMDs
84
Nerve agents cause ___
Cardiac arrest within seconds to minutes of exposure
85
Nerve agents are a class of chemicals called ___
Organophosphates
86
How do nerve agents work?
Block an essential enzyme in the body's organs to become overstimulated and burn out
87
G agents from high to low volatility
1. Sarin (GB)
2. Soman (GD)
3. Tabun (GA)
88
Highly volatile colorless and odorless liquid
Sarin (GB)
89
Lethal concentration of Sarin in air
About 28 to 35 mg/m^3 per minute for a two minute exposure by a healthy adult
90
Sarin is a ___ hazard
Vapor
91
The vapors are continually released over time
Off-gassing
92
Twice as persistent as sarin
Soman
93
Odor of soman
Fruity
94
Soman route of exposure
Contact and vapor
95
Irreversible binding to the cells
Aging
96
Half as lethal as sarin and 36 times more persistent
Tabun
97
Odor of tabun
Fruity
98
V agent (VX) appearance
Clear, oily agent that has no odor and looks like baby oil
99
How much worse is V agent to G agents
100 times more lethal and extremely persistent
100
VX is a ___ hazard
Contact
101
Persistence of VX
Weeks to months
102
Symptoms of exposure to nerve agents mnemonic
SLUDGEM
DUMBELS
103
SLUDGEM
Salivation, sweating, seizures
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation, drooling, diarrhea
Gastric upset and cramps
Emesis
Muscle twitching, miosis
104
DUMBELS
Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis, muscle weakness
Bradycardia, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea
Emesis
Lacrimation
Seizures, salivation, sweating
105
What makes nerve agent seizure different?
Will continue until dead or until treatment is given
106
Nerve agent antidotes
1. DuoDote Auto-Injector
2. Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Auto-Injector (ATNAA)
107
DuoDote Auto-Injector contains ___
1. 2.1 mg of atropine (Block agent)
2. 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) (Eliminates agent from body)
