The Human Body - Circulatory System Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
The circulatory system is entirely closed, with capillaries connecting ___
A
Arterioles and venules
2
Q
Two circuits in the circulatory system
A
- Systemic circulation in the body
- Pulmonary circulation in the lungs
3
Q
Function of the systemic circulation
A
Circuit in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium. Blood passes through the tissues and organs, giving up oxygen and absorbing cellular wastes and carbon dioxide
4
Q
Function of the pulmonary circulation
A
Circuit in the lungs that carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium. Blood passes through the lungs and is refreshed with oxygen and gives up carbon dioxide
5
Q
Many cellular wastes are eliminated in passages through the ___
A
Liver and kidneys
6
Q
Size of the heart
A
About the size of a clenched fist
7
Q
The heart is made from ___
A
Cardiac muscle (myocardium)
8
Q
The heart works as ___
A
Two paired pumps
9
Q
The ___ side of the heart is more muscular
A
Left
10
Q
Divides the heart down the middle into right and left sides
A
Septum
11
Q
Each side of the heart is divided into ___
A
An upper chamber (atrium) and a lower chamber (ventricle)
12
Q
The left side of the heart pumps blood to the ___
A
Body
13
Q
The ___ side of the heart is a high-pressure pump
A
Left
14
Q
The right side of the heart supplies blood to the ___
A
Lungs
15
Q
The ___ side of the heart is a low-pressure pump
A
Right
16
Q
The heart muscle is under the control of the ___
A
Autonomic nervous system
17
Q
The heart has it’s own ___ and will ___ without its central nervous system control
A
- Electrical system
- Continue to function
18
Q
The heart requires ___ and cannot function on ___ metabolism
A
- A continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients
- Anaerobic
19
Q
The heart can tolerate a serious interruption of its own blood supply for only a few seconds before the signs of a ___ develop
A
Heart attack
20
Q
The heart muscle’s blood supply comes from the ___
A
Aorta
21
Q
The aorta has two branches at its base that form the ___
A
Left and right coronary arteries
22
Q
These arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
A
Left and right coronary arteries
23
Q
The right side of the heart receives blood from ___
A
The veins of the body
24
Q
The blood from the body into the heart enters from the ___
A
Superior and inferior venae cavae into the right atrium and then passes through the tricuspid valve to fill the right ventricle
25
After the right ventricle is filled, the ___ closes to prevent ___
1. Tricuspid valve
2. Backflow as the right ventricular contracts
26
Contraction of the right ventricle causes blood to ___
Flow through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary circulation
27
The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from ___
The lungs through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
28
From the left atrium blood passes through the ___
Mitral valve into the left ventricle
29
Most muscular pumping chamber of the heart
Left ventricle
30
From the left ventricle blood passes through the ___
Aortic valve into the aorta and then to the arteries of the body
31
The flow of blood through the four heart chambers is governed by ___
One way valves
32
The chord tendineae are ___
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attached to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
33
When a valve controlling the filling of a heart chamber is open, the other valve allowing it to empty is ___
Shut
34
Normal adult resting heartbeat
60 to 100 bpm
35
HR
Heart rate
36
A well-conditioned athlete may have a normal resting heart rate of ___
45 to 60 bpm
37
During vigorous physical activity, the heart rate may rise to as fast as ___
180 bpm
38
At each beat, ___ of blood is ejected from the adult heart
70 to 80 mL
39
SV
Stroke volume
40
Stroke volume
The amount of blood moved in one beat
41
In one minute, the entire blood volume of ___ is circulated through all the vessels
5 to 6 L
42
Cardiac output
The amount of blood moved in one minute
43
CO
Cardiac output
44
Cardiac output calculation
CO = HR x SV
45
A network of specialized tissue with the capacity to conduct ___ runs through the heart
Electrical current
46
The flow of electrical current through this network in the heart causes ___
Smooth, coordinated contractions of the heart
47
These contractions of the heart produce ___
The pumping action of the heart
48
Each mechanical contraction of the heart is associated with ___
Two electrical processes
49
Two electrical processes that produce mechanical contraction of the heart
1. Depolarization
2. Repolarization
50
The electrical charges on the surface of the muscle cell change from positive to negative
Depolorization
51
The heart returns to its resting state and the positive charge is restored to the surface
Repolarization
52
Electrical impulse flow through the heart
1. Begins high in the atria at the sinoatrial node
2. Travels to the atrioventricular node and bundle of His
3. Moves through the Purkinje fibers to the ventricles
53
The electrical impulse flow through the heart produces a smooth flow of electricity through the heart, which ___
Depolarizes the muscle and produces the coordinated pumping contraction
54
If areas of the heart's conduction system are deprived of blood flow and oxygen, ___ can occur
Serious abnormalities of the heart's rate, rhythm, and coordinated contraction leading to dangerously low blood pressure can occur
55
Carry blood from the heart to all body tissues
Arteries
56
Arteries branch into ___
Smaller arteries and then into arterioles
57
The arterioles branch into ___
The vast network of capillaries
58
The walls of an artery are made of ___
Fine, circular muscle tissue or fine circular muscle and elastic tissue
59
Arteries contract to ___
Accommodate loss of blood volume and increase blood pressure
60
Blood is supplied to tissues as they ___
Need it
61
The ability to respond to the needs of the body is possible because of the way arteries are ___
Constructed
62
The tunica media is ___
The middle layer of the artery formed from smooth muscles that can contract and dilate to change the diameter of the blood vessel
63
The aorta leaves the ___
Back left side of the heart
64
Location of the aorta
Just in front of the spine in the chest and abdominal cavities
65
Coronary arteries supply ___
The heart
66
Carotid arteries supply ___
The head
67
Hepatic arteries supply ___
The liver
68
Renal arteries supply ___
The kidneys
69
Mesenteric arteries supply ___
The digestive system
70
The aorta divides at the level of the ___ into the ___
1. Umbilicus
2. Two common iliac arteries that lead to the lower extremities
71
The pulmonary artery begins at ___
The right side of the heart and carries oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs
72
The pulse is most easily palpated at ___
The neck, wrist, or groin
73
The pulse is created by the ___
Forceful pumping of blood out of the left ventricle into the major arteries
74
A pulse can be felt most easily where ___
The larger arteries near the skin can be pushed against a solid structure, such as a bone or a large muscle
75
Central pulses
1. Carotid artery
2. Femoral artery
76
Peripheral pulses
1. Radial artery
2. Brachial artery
3. Posterior tibial artery
4. Dorsalis pedis artery
77
Less commonly used pulses
1. Superficial temporal
2. External maxillary
3. Ulnar
78
Location of carotid artery pulse
Upper portion of the neck
79
Location of femoral artery pulse
In the groin
80
Location of radial artery pulse
At the wrist at the base of the thumb
81
Location of brachial artery pulse
On the medial aspect of the arm, midway between the elbow and shoulder
82
Location of posterior tibial artery pulse
Posterior to the medial malleolus
83
Location of the dorsals pedis artery pulse
On the top of the foot
84
How many capillary vessels in the body?
Billions
85
Blood in arteries is bright red because ___
The hemoglobin is rich in oxygen
86
Capillaries connect directly at one end with ___ and at the other end with the ___
1. The flow-regulating arterioles
2. Venules
87
Capillaries allow blood to move through them a ___
Single cell at a time
88
Once oxygen-depleted blood passes through the network of capillaries, it moves to the ___
Venules
89
Smallest branches of the veins
Venules
90
Blood returns to the heart via a ___
Network of larger and larger veins
91
Veins compared to arteries
Much thinner walls and are generally larger in diameter
92
The veins become larger and larger and ultimately form ___
Two major vessels called the superior and inferior venae cavae
93
Superior and inferior venae cavae location
Lie just to the right of the spine
94
Function of the superior and inferior venae cavae
Collect blood just before it enters the heart
95
Pressure generated by the heart dissipates as blood ___
Passes through the capillaries
96
Venous blood flow is assisted by ___
Gravity, skeletal muscle contraction, and intrathoracic pressure changes from breathing
97
One way flow in the veins is governed by ___
Valves within the veins
98
The superior and inferior venae cavae join at the ___
Right atrium of the heart
99
The right ventricle receives blood from ___
The right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs
100
Great vessels
Venae cavae, aorta, and pulmonary arteries and veins
101
SVR is the resistance to blood flow within all blood vessels except the ___
Pulmonary vessels
102
SVR
Systemic vascular resistance
103
Blood is composed of ___
1. Plasma
2. Red blood cells
3. White blood cells
4. Platelets
5. Protein molecules
104
Most carbon dioxide is carried in the form of ___
Bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma, while a tiny amount is carried by hemoglobin
105
The liquid portion of the blood
Plasma
106
Composition of plasma
1. 92% water
2. 7% proteins
3. Very little oxygen (most is bound to the hemoglobin in red blood cells)
4. Carbon dioxide as bicarbonate
5. Nitrogen dissolved within the plasma
6. Nutrients
7. Cellular wastes
8. Hormones & other cellular products
107
About ___ of plasma is water and proteins
99%
108
Majority of the proteins in plasma
Albumin
109
Albumin function in plasma
Controlling the movement of water into and out of the circulation
110
Purpose of nutrients carried by albumin
Fuel for the cells
111
Cellular wastes carried by plasma
Lactic acid, carbon dioxide, etc.
112
Solid organ located under the rib cage in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
The spleen
113
Purpose of the spleen in the circulatory system
Although part of the lymphatic system, digests filtered degraded red blood cells and recycles the hemoglobin
114
Life span of red blood cell
About 120 days
115
Why is the spleen one of the most frequently injured abdominal organs after blunt trauma
Its tissue is delicate and it is directly under flexible ribs with very little soft tissue to cushion it
116
An injured spleen can produce significant internal bleeding because it is ___
So highly vascular
117
BP is expressed in ___
mm Hg
118
Average adult volume of blood
6 L
119
Average child volume of blood
2 to 3 L
120
Average infant volume of blood
300 mL
121
In all healthy people, the circulatory system is automatically adjusted and readjusted constantly so that ___ of the capacity of the arteries, veins, and capillaries holds ___ of the blood at that moment
1. 100%
2. 100%
122
The size of the arteries and veins is controlled by the ___
Nervous system
123
When perfusion is adequate, the cells' ___ are met
Metabolic needs
124
Loss of normal blood pressure is an indication that ___
Blood is no longer circulating efficiently to every organ in the body
125
When ___ are affected the terms shock and hypoperfusion may be used interchangeably
Multiple systems
126
Shock vs hypoperfusion
Shock is always systemic, but hypoperfusion may be limited to a specific region of the body
127
Important cardiovascular values
1. Systolic blood pressure
2. Diastolic blood pressure
3. Pulse pressure
4. Preload
5. Afterload
6. Stroke volume
7. Cardiac output
8. Systemic vascular resistance
128
Amount of blood returning to the heart
Preload
129
Pressure to be overcome when left ventricle contracts (pressure within the aorta)
Afterload
130
___ is the same as after load
Diastolic pressure
131
Difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure
Pulse pressure
132
Too little preload and ___
Blood pressure falls
133
Too high preload and ___
The heart cannot move blood effectively
134
How does the arteries, veins, and heart adjust to a reduced blood volume and how quickly?
1. The vessels constrict to provide a smaller bed for the reduced volume of blood to fill, and the heart pumps more rapidly to circulate the remaining blood more efficiently
2. Within minutes
135
During blood loss the heart rate will increase to keep a cardiac output constant at ___
5 to 6 L/min
136
Measure of perfusion that can detect shock
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
137
Indicates the average arterial pressure during systole and diastole
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
138
MAP equation
MAP = (HR x SV) x SVR
MAP = CO x SVR
139
___ of blood is found within the heart, arteries, and capillaries
About 30%
140
___ of blood is found within the veins and venules
About 70%
141
Nutrients move from the capillaries into ___
The interstitial space and into the intracellular space
142
Two main forces at work inside the capillary
1. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Oncotic pressure
143
___ occurs as fluid pushes against the vessel walls to force fluid out of the capillary
Hydrostatic pressure
144
___ is the opposing force to hydrostatic pressure and occurs because proteins in the blood plasma cause water to be pulled into the capillary by diffusion
Oncotic pressure
145
Coagulation occurs as the result of a complex chemical process that creates ___
Small fibers near the injured blood vessel, trapping red blood cells
146
Clotting after venous or capillary bleeding normally takes ___
6 to 10 minutes
147
Purpose of white blood cells
Fights infection
148
Purpose of red blood cells
Transports oxygen
149
Purpose of Plasma
Transports carbon dioxide
150
Purpose of chemicals within the plasma
Controls (buffers) pH
151
Purpose of plasma (water)
Transports wastes and nutrients
152
Purpose of platelets and clotting factors in the plasma
Clotting
