The Human Body - Digestive, Lymphatic, Endocrine, & Urinary Systems Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
The digestive system is also called ___
A
The gastrointestinal system
2
Q
Parts of the digestive system
A
- Gastrointestinal tract (stomach & intestines)
- Mouth
- Salivary glands
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Rectum
- Anus
3
Q
Function of the digestive system
A
Process food to nourish the individual cells of the body
4
Q
___ create the boundary of the abdomen
A
- Thick muscular abdominal walls
- Diaphragm
- An imaginary plane that extends from the pubic symphyses through the sacrum
5
Q
Where do the quadrants of the abdomen intersect?
A
At the umbilicus
6
Q
RUQ major organs
A
- Liver (Fills the entire anteroposterior depth of the abdomen in this quadrant)
- Gallbladder
- Portion of the colon
- Most of the liver (almost entirely under the protection of the 8th to 12th ribs)
7
Q
LUQ major organs
A
- Stomach (may sag well down into the LLQ when full)
- Spleen (almost entirely under the protection of the left rib cage. Lies in the lateral and posterior portion of this quadrant, under the diaphragm and immediately in front of the 9th to 11th ribs)
- Portion of the colon
8
Q
The spleen is frequently injured when the ___ ribs are fractured
A
9th to 11th
9
Q
RLQ major organs
A
- Two portions of the large intestine (cecum & ascending colon)
- Appendix (attached to the lower border of the cecum)
10
Q
LLQ major organs
A
- Descending and the sigmoid portions of the colon
11
Q
The small intestine occupies ___
A
The central part of the abdomen around the umbilicus in all four quadrants
12
Q
The pancreas lies ___
A
Behind the abdominal cavity on the posterior abdominal wall in both upper quadrants
13
Q
The large intestine traverses the abdomen, beginning in ___ and ending in the ___ as it passes through ___
A
- RLQ
- LLQ
- All four quadrants
14
Q
The urinary bladder lies ___
A
Just behind the pubic symphysis in the middle of the abdomen, in both lower quadrants and in the pelvis
15
Q
The kidneys and the pancreas are called ___ because they ___
A
- Retroperitoneal organs
- Lie behind the abdominal cavity
16
Q
The retroperitoneal organs are located ___
A
Above the level of the umbilicus, extending from the 11th rib to the 3rd lumbar vertebra on each side
17
Q
Kidney size and location
A
About 5” (13 cm) long and lie just anterior to the costovertebral angle, which is the junction between the posterior aspect of the lower portion of the rib cage and the spine
18
Q
Parts of the mouth
A
- Lips
- Cheeks
- Gums
- Teeth
- Tongue
19
Q
The roof of the mouth is formed by ___
A
The hard and soft palates
20
Q
The hard palate is ___
A
A bony plate lying anteriorly
21
Q
The soft palate is ___
A
A fold of mucous membrane and muscle that extends posteriorly from the hard palate into the throat
22
Q
Purpose of the soft palate
A
Designed to hold food that is being chewed within the mouth and to help initiate swallowing
23
Q
Location of the salivary glands
A
- One set on each side of the mouth under the tongue
- Other set is in front of each ear
24
Q
The salivary glands produce ___ of saliva daily
A
About 1.5 L
25
Saliva is made of ___
1. 98% water
2. 2% mucus, salts, and organic compounds
26
Saliva serves as ___
A binder for the chewed food being swallowed and a lubricant within the mouth. Also contains certain digestive enzymes
27
An automatic movement of the pharynx during swallowing lifts the ___ to permit the epiglottis to close over it so that liquids and solids are ___
1. Larynx
2. Moved into the esophagus and away from the trachea
28
What is the esophagus?
A collapsible tube about 10" (25 cm) long that extends from the end of the pharynx to the stomach
29
Where is the esophagus located?
Lies just anterior to the spinal column in the chest
30
___ of the esophagus propel food through it to the stomach
Contractions of the muscle in the wall
31
Stomach location
LUQ, largely protected by the lower left ribs
32
How does the stomach digest food?
Muscular contractions in the wall of the stomach and gastric juices, which contain lots of mucus, convert food to chyme
33
The stomach produces ___ of gastric juice daily
About 1.5 L
34
The function of the stomach
Receive food in large quantities intermittently, store it, and provide for its movement into the small bowel in regular, small amounts
35
How long for one meal to pass through the stomach
1 to 3 hours
36
First part of the small intestine
Duodenum
37
Location of the pancreas
Lies below and behind the liver and stomach and behind the peritoneum. Firmly fixed in position, deep within the abdomen
38
The two portions of the pancreas are ___
Intertwined
39
Two kinds of glands in the pancreas
1. Exocrine
2. The islets of Langerhans
40
The exocrine secretes ___
Nearly 2 L of pancreatic juice daily
41
Pancreatic juice contains ___
Many enzymes that aid in the digestion of fat, starch, and protein
42
Pancreatic juice flows directly into the ___
Duodenum through the pancreatic ducts
43
The islets of Langerhans is ___
Endocrine
44
The islets of Langerhans produce ___
Insulin and glucagon (hormones)
45
Purpose of insulin and glucagon
Regulate the amount of glucose in the blood
46
Largest solid organ in the abdomen
Liver
47
Liver location
Most of the area immediately beneath the diaphragm in the RUQ and also extends into the LUQ
48
Function of the liver
1. Poisonous substances produced by digestion are brought to the liver and rendered harmless
2. Factors that are necessary for blood clotting and for the production of normal plasma are formed here
3. Produces .5 to 1 L of bile daily to assist in the normal digestion of fat
4. Primary organ for the storage of sugar or starch for immediate use by the body for energy
5. Produces many of the factors that aid in the proper regulation of immune responses
49
All the blood that is pumped to the gastrointestinal tract passes into the liver through the ___ before it returns to the heart
Portal vein
50
Approximately ___ of the cardiac output of blood passes through the liver each minute
25% (1.5 L)
51
The liver connects with the intestine by way of the ___
Bile ducts
52
The gallbladder is ___
A small pouch extending from the bile ducts that serves as the reservoir and concentrating organ for bile produced in the liver
53
Together the bile ducts and the gallbladder form the ___
Biliary system
54
Function of the gallbladder
Discharges stored and concentrated bile into the duodenum through the common bile duct
55
The presence of food in the duodenum triggers a ___
Contraction of the gallbladder to empty it
56
The gallbladder usually contains about ___ of bile
About 60 to 90 mL
57
The cells lining the small intestine produce ___
Enzymes and mucus to aid in digestion
58
Enzymes from the ___ carry out the final processes of digestion
Pancreas and the small intestine
59
___ are absorbed across the wall of the lower end of the small intestine into veins to be transported to the liver
More than 90% of the products of digestion (amino acids, fatty acids, simple sugars), together with water, injected vitamins, and minerals
60
Parts of the small liver
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
61
Length of the duodenum
About 12" (30 cm) long
62
Part of the small intestine that receives food from the stomach
Duodenum
63
Here food is mixed with secretions from the pancreas and liver for further digestion along with bile from the liver and gallbladder
Duodenum
64
Color of bile
Green-black, gives feces its brown color
65
Major function of bile in digestion
Digestion of fat
66
The jejunum and ileum together measure ___
More than 20 feet (6 m) on average
67
Parts of the large intestine
1. Cecum
2. Colon
3. Rectum
68
Length of the large intestine
About 5 feet (1.5 m) long
69
Large intestine location
Encircles the outer border of the abdomen around the small bowel
70
The portion of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the rectum
Colon
71
Function of the colon
Absorb the final 5% to 10% of digested food and water from the intestine to form solid stool
72
Stool is stored in the ___
Rectum
73
Stool is passed out the ___
Anus
74
The appendix opens into the ___
Cecum
75
The rectum and anus are supplied with ___ that control, voluntarily and automatically, the escape of liquids, gases, and solids from the digestive tract
A complex series of circular muscles called sphincters
76
Path of the nutrients from the intestines
1. Through the walls of the intestines
2. Portal vein to liver
3. Processed, stored, and transported to the heart through veins
4. Pumped to the capillaries
5. Delivered to the individual cells
77
Without eating or drinking, ___ of fluid is secreted daily into the gastrointestinal tract
8 to 10 L
78
The fluid secreted into the gastrointestinal tract comes from ___
1. Salivary glands
2. Stomach
3. Liver
4. Pancreas
5. Small intestine
79
In a healthy adult, about ___ of the body weight is delivered as fluid daily to the gastrointestinal tract
7%
80
Parts of the lymphatic system
1. Spleen
2. Lymph nodes
3. Lymph
4. Lymph vessels
5. Thymus gland
6. Other component
81
The lymphatic system supports ___
Both the circulatory system and the immune system
82
The lymphatic system has no pump and relies on ___ for lymph to flow
Muscle contractions and movements of the body
83
Flow of lymph
From lymph tissue into the central venous circulation via the thoracic duct
84
Lymph vessels form a ___
Network throughout the body
85
Together with the circulatory system, the lymphatic system helps to ___
Rid the body of toxins and other harmful materials
86
The spleen also plays an important role in the body's ___ function
Immune
87
The spleen houses ___ that help eliminate infectious agents
Immune cells
88
The brain controls the endocrine system using ___
Hormones
89
Endocrine glands release their hormones directly into the ___
Blood stream
90
Each endocrine gland produces ___
One or more hormone
91
Each hormone has a specific effect on some ___
Organ, tissue, or process
92
The brain controls the release of hormones by the ___
Endocrine glands
93
Type I diabetes mellitus is a ___
Common endocrine condition
94
Hormone produced by the adrenal gland
Epinephrin, norepinephrine, cortisol, and others
95
Hormone produced by the ovaries
Estrogen and others
96
Hormone produced by the pancreas
Insulin, glucagon, and others
97
Hormone produced by the parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone
98
Hormone produced by the pituitary gland
Multiple, controls other endocrine glands
99
Hormone produced by the Testes
Testosterone and others
100
Hormone produced by the thyroid
Thyroxine and others
101
Location of adrenal gland
Above the kidneys
102
Location of the ovaries gland
Female pelvis (two glands)
103
Location of the pancreas gland
Retroperitoneal space
104
Location of the Parathyroid gland
Neck (behind and beside the thyroid) (3 to 5 glands)
105
Location of the pituitary gland
Base of the skull
106
Location of the testes
Male scrotum (two glands)
107
Location of the thyroid gland
Neck (over the larynx)
108
Function of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and others
Stress response, fight-or-flight reaction
109
Function of estrogen and others
Regulate sexual function, characteristics, and reproduction
110
Function of insulin, glucagon, and others
Regulates glucose metabolism and other functions
111
Function of parathyroid hormone
Regulates serum calcium
112
Function of pituitary gland
Regulates all other endocrine glands
113
Function of testosterone and others
Regulate sexual function, characteristics, and reproduction
114
Function of thyroxine and others
Regulates metabolism
115
Primary fuel for the body
Glucose
116
Responsible for rapidly moving glucose into cells
Insulin
117
Functions of urinary system
1. Control fluid balance in the body
2. Filter and eliminate wastes
3. Control pH balance
118
Kidney location
Two that lie on the posterior muscular wall behind the peritoneum in the retroperitoneal space
119
Kidney function
Rid the blood of toxic waste products and control its balance of water and salts
120
Nearly ___ of the output of blood from the heart passes through the kidneys each minute
20%
121
Large vessels attach the kidneys directly to the ___
Aorta and the inferior vena cava
122
Waste products and water are constantly filtered from the blood to form ___
Urine
123
The kidneys continuously concentrate this filtered urine by ___
Reabsorbing the water as it passes through a system of specialized tubes within them
124
The tubes in the kidneys unite to form the ___
Renal pelvis
125
Ureter location
Passes from the renal pelvis of each kidney along the surface of the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum to drain into the urinary bladder
126
Ureter diameter
0.2" (0.5 cm)
127
The ureters are ___
Small muscular tubes
128
Urinary bladder location
Immediately behind the pubic symphyses in the pelvic cavity
129
The urinary bladder is composed of ___
Smooth muscle with a specialized lining membrane
130
The ureters enter the bladder ___
Posteriorly at its base on either side
131
A healthy adult forms ___ of urine a day
1.5 to 2 L
132
The waste urine is extracted and concentrated from the ___ of blood that circulated through the kidneys daily
1500 L
