The Human Body - Muscles & Respiratory System Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
A form of tissue that facilitates movement
A
Muscle
2
Q
Three types of muscle
A
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
3
Q
Voluntary muscle
A
Skeletal muscle
4
Q
Skeletal muscle is often referred to as ___
A
Striated muscle
5
Q
Involuntary muscle
A
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
6
Q
Smooth muscle is found within ___
A
Blood vessels and the intestines
7
Q
Cardiac muscle is unique from other muscle types in that it can ___
A
Generate its own electrical impulses
8
Q
Skeletal muscles often function in ___
A
Antagonistic pairs
9
Q
The biceps competes with the ___
A
Triceps
10
Q
How many muscles are in the musculoskeletal system?
A
More than 600
11
Q
Functions of the musculoskeletal system
A
- Generation of heat
- Protect underlying structures
- Movement
12
Q
The involuntary shaking of the muscles maintains ___
A
Homeostatis
13
Q
The body’s self-regulating process for preserving internal balance, or equilibrium, in order to survive
A
Homeostasis
14
Q
The intestines are protected by ___
A
The rectus abdominus muscles
15
Q
Parts of the respiratory system
A
- Nose
- Mouth
- Throat
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Lungs
- Diaphragm
- Muscles of the chest wall
- Accessory muscles of breathing
16
Q
Where oxygen is passed into the blood and carbon dioxide removed
A
Lungs
17
Q
The structures of the respiratory system are divided between ___
A
The upper airway and the lower airway
18
Q
The structures of the upper airway are located ___
A
Anteriorly at the midline
19
Q
Parts of the upper airway in descending order
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Larynx (voice box)
20
Q
Biceps location
A
Anterior, humerus
21
Q
Biceps function
A
Flexes lower arm
22
Q
Triceps location
A
Posterior, humerus
23
Q
Triceps function
A
Extends lower arm
24
Q
Pectoralis location
A
Anterior, thorax
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Pectoralis function
Flexes and rotates arm
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Latissimus dorsi location
Posterior, thorax
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Latissimus dorsi function
Extends and rotates arm
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Rectus abdominis location
Anterior, abdomen
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Rectus abdominis function
Flexes and rotates spine
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Tibialis anterior location
Anterior, tibia
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Tibialis anterior function
Points foot toward head
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Gastrocnemius location
Posterior, tibia
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Gastrocnemius function
Points foot away from head
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Quadriceps (four separate muscles) location
Anterior, femur
35
Quadriceps (four separate muscles) function
Extends lower leg
36
Biceps femoris location
Posterior, femur
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Biceps femoris function
Flexes lower leg
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Gluteus (three separate muscles) location
Posterior, pelvis/buttocks
39
Gluteus (three separate muscles) function
Extends and rotates thigh
40
Vocal cords
Glottis
41
Mark the transition point from the upper to the lower airway
Vocal cords
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The vocal cords are located ___
At the base of the larynx
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The nose and mouth lead to the ___
Oropharynx
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The pharynx is composed of ___
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
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The nostrils lead to the ___
Nasopharynx
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The mouth leads to the ___
Oropharynx
47
The nasal passages and nasopharynx ___ air as you breath
Warm, filter, and humidify
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Air enters through the mouth more rapidly and directly, resulting in the air being ___
Less moist that air that enters through the nose
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Food, liquids, and air can all travel through the ___, but on reaching the ___ they must diverge
1. Oropharynx
2. Laryngopharynx
50
Food/liquids continue ___, while air proceeds ___
1. Posteriorly into the esophagus
2. To the anteriorly positioned larynx and trachea
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The trachea is also know as ___
The windpipe
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The larynx does not tolerate any ___
Solid or liquid material
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To help keep food and liquid out of the trachea while permitting air to pass, ___
A thin leaf-shaped flap (epiglottis) covers the larynx during swallowing and then lifts open to allow for air passage during breathing
54
Structures of the lower airway
1. Trachea
2. Bronchial tree (main stem bronchi and bronchioles)
3. Alveoli
4. Lungs
55
The thyroid cartilage is the ___ of the ___
1. Anterior part
2. Larynx
56
Sounds are created as air is forced past the ___
Vocal cords
57
The air forced past the vocal cords makes them ___
Vibrate
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The pitch of the sound changes as ___
The cords open and close
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The vibrations of air are shaped by the ___ to ___
1. Tongue and muscles of the mouth
2. Form understandable sounds
60
Immediately below the thyroid cartilage is the ___
Palpable cricoid cartilage
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Between the cricoid and thyroid cartilage lies the ___
Cricothyroid membrane
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The cricothyroid membrane can be felt as a ___
Depression in the midline of the neck just inferior to the thyroid cartilage
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Below the cricoid cartilage is the ___
Trachea
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The trachea is ___ long and is a ___
1. 5" (13 cm)
2. Semirigid, enclosed air tube made up of rings of cartilage that are open in the back
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The rings of cartilage keep the trachea from ___
Collapsing when air moves into and out of the lungs
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Air and gases enter the trachea and proceed to the ___
Lungs
67
The two lungs are held in place by ___
The trachea, the arteries and veins, and the pulmonary ligaments
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Each lung is divided into ___
Lobes
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Lobes of the right lung
1. Upper
2. Middle
3. Lower
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Lobes of the left lung
1. Upper
2. Lower
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Each lobe of the lung is divided further into ___
Segments
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The lungs are supplied air by the ___
Right and left main stem bronchi
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Two tubes that branch from the trachea at a structure called the carina
Right and left main stem bronchi
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Each bronchus enters its respective lung and branches into ___
Smaller and smaller airways called bronchioles
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The bronchioles end in about ___
700 million tiny, grape like clusters of air sacs called alveoli
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It is within these alveolar sacs that ___
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the bloodstream
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The alveoli are referred to as the ___ of the respiratory system
Functional units
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The walls of the alveoli contain ___
A network of tiny blood vessels (pulmonary capillaries) that carry carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs and oxygen from the lungs to the body
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Lungs are without ___
Muscle tissue
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Covering each lung is a layer of smooth, glistening tissue called ___
Pleura
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Another layer of pleura lines the ___
Inside of the chest cavity
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What are the two layers of pleura called?
1. Visceral pleura (covering the lungs)
2. Parietal pleura (lining the chest wall)
83
Between the two layers of pleura is ___. This space is called the ___
1. A small amount of fluid that permits smooth gliding of the tissues
2. Pleural space
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Pleural space is also called ___
A potential space
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Under ordinary conditions the pleural space does not exist because ___
The two layers are usually sealed tightly to one another by a thin film of fluid
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The diaphragm is unique because it has characteristics of ___
Voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (smooth) muscles
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The diaphragm is pierced by ___
The great vessels and the esophagus
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When ___, automatic regulation of breathing resumes
The concentration of carbon dioxide becomes too high
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The other muscles involved in breathing are ___
1. Neck (cervical) muscles
2. Intercostal muscles
3. Abdominal muscles
4. Pectoral muscles
90
During inhalation, the ___ contract
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
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When the diaphragm contracts, it ___
Moves down slightly, enlarging the thoracic cage from top to bottom
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When the intercostal muscles contract, they ___
Move the ribs up and out
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As the volume of the chest cavity increases, pressure in the cavity ___ and ___
1. Falls
2. Air rushes into the lungs
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The part of the breathing cycle where air is breathed in
Negative-pressure breathing
95
This part of the breathing cycle is active, requiring the muscles to contract
Inhalation
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During exhalation, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles ___
Relax
97
___ does not normally require muscular effort (breathing)
Exhalation
98
As the breathing muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax ___
Decrease
99
As resistance in the airway increases, you will begin to use ___
Accessory muscle groups, namely your abdominal and pectoral muscles, to assist the diaphragm in moving air
100
The function of the respiratory system
Provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
101
Two separate yet interdependent overall functions of the respiratory system
1. Ventilation
2. Respiration
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Artificial ventilation is provided in the hope that your patient will resume ___
Respiration
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Helps to control the pH of blood
Respiration
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The typical bag mask device holds approximately ___ of air
1000 to 1200 mL
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Bag-mask devices are designed to ___
Rapidly reinflate and allow you to control the amount of air that is moved to achieve chest rise and fall
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At the capillaries, the oxygen is ___
Off-loaded from red blood cells
107
Oxygen leaves the red blood cell and passes through ___ and enters the ___, where it used to ___
1. The thin capillary wall
2. Tissue cells
3. Produce energy
108
Air in the alveoli are only separated by ___
Two thin layers of tissue
109
Oxygen and CO2 pass rapidly across the thin tissue layers of the alveoli by ___
Diffusion
110
Exhaled air contains ___ oxygen and ___ carbon dioxide, and the rest is ___
1. 16% oxygen
2. 3% to 5% carbon dioxide
3. Nitrogen
111
___ controls breathing
Brainstem
112
The nerves in the ___ act as sensors for the level of CO2 in the blood and subsequently the spinal fluid
Brainstem
113
The brain automatically controls breathing if the level of CO2 or oxygen in the ___ is too high or too low
Arterial blood
114
Automatic adjustments to breathing can be made in ___
Just one breath
115
Build up of carbon dioxide causes pH to ___ in the cerebrospinal fluid
Decrease
116
Cushions the brain and spinal cord and filters out impurities and toxins
Cerebrospinal fluid
117
When the level of carbon dioxide becomes too high, a slight change occurs in the ___ of the CSF
pH
118
This is sensitive to pH changes in the CSF
Medulla oblongata
119
The medulla oblongata is part of the ___
Brainstem
120
The medulla oblongata stimulates the ___, sending a signal to the ___ to ___
1. Phrenic nerve
2. Diaphragm
3. Increase the rate of contraction
121
A minute volume increases, more carbon dioxide is ___
Exhaled
122
As the diaphragm becomes more active, the respiratory rate and tidal volume ___
Increase
123
The primary reason you breath is to ___
Lower your level of carbon dioxide, not to increase your level of oxygen
124
Backup system to control respiration that will stimulate breathing when oxygen levels fall
Hypoxic drive
125
Location of the body's oxygen sensors
1. Brain
2. Aorta
3. Carotid arteries
126
The oxygen sensors are easily satisfied by ___
Minimal levels of oxygen in the arterial blood
127
The hypoxic drive is ___
Much less sensitive and less powerful than the carbon dioxide sensors in the brainstem
128
Primarily responsible for initiating the ventilation cycle and is primarily stimulated by carbon dioxide levels
Medulla oblongata
129
The pons are located ___
Within the brainstem
130
The pons have ___ areas
Two
131
Help augment respirations during emotional or physical stress
The pons
132
Involved in changing the depth of inspiration, expiration, or both
The pons
133
The ___ work together to help you get the right amount of air when you need it
The medulla and the pons
134
The anatomy of the respiratory system in children is proportionally ___ than in adults
Smaller and less rigid
135
Differences in child respiratory system vs adult
1. Nose and mouth smaller
2. Larynx, cricoid cartilage, and trachea are smaller, softer, and more flexible
3. Pharynx smaller and less deeply curved
4. Tongue takes up proportionally more space
5. Chest walls are softer, depend on diaphragm more for breathing
6. Abdomen moves out more with each breath
7. Infants younger than 1 month don't know how to breath out of mouth
8. Proportionally larger heads affects they way you treat suspected spinal injury
136
Normal respiration rate of an infant
30 to 60 breaths/min
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Normal respiration rate of a child
12 to 40 breaths/min
138
Signs of normal breathing
1. Normal rate and depth (tidal volume)
2. Regular rhythm or pattern of inhalation and exhalation
3. Clear, audible breath sounds on both sides of the chest
4. Regular rise and fall movement on both sides of the chest
5. Movement of the abdomen
139
Signs that an infant is not breathing normally
1. Muscle retractions, muscles of neck and chest are working extra hard
2. Nasal flaring
3. Seesaw respirations, chest and abdominal muscles alternately contract
4. Grunting with each exhalation to keep the small airways open
140
___ becomes active when infants and children have trouble breathing
Exhalation
141
During labored breathing a child will often begin to ___
Wheeze
142
Average adult man lung capacity
6000 mL
143
An average adult woman has about ___ total lung capacity
1/3 less
144
Gas remaining in the lungs after exhalation is simply to keep ___
The lungs open
145
A ___ occurs when a person is hit in the chest and has the wind knocked out of them
Loss of residual volume
146
Average tidal volume of adult man
500 mL
147
___ are considered dead space in the respiratory system
1. Mouth
2. Trachea
3. Bronchi
4. Bronchioles
148
When you ventilate a patient with any device, you create more ___
Dead space
149
Minute volume equation
Respiratory rate x tidal volume
150
Minute volume is used to ___
Assess ventilation
151
When assessing ventilation you need to look at ___
1. Respiratory rate
2. Tidal volume
152
Normal respiration rate of an adult
12 to 20 breaths/min
153
An awake and alert adult speaking to you in full sentences, usually has no ___
Immediate airway or breathing problem
154
Signs that a person is not breathing normally
1. Muscle retraction above the clavicles, between the ribs and below the rib cage, especially children
2. Pale or cyanotic skin
3. Cool, damp skin
4. Tripod position
5. Inadequate tidal volume
6. Breathing too fast or too slow
7. Irregular pattern
8. Unequal breath sounds
9. Unequal chest expansion
155
Agonal gasps occur when ___
The respiratory center of the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles
156
Agonal gasps are inadequate because ___
They come at a slow rate and are generally shallow
157
Patients with agonal gasps need ___
Artificial respirations and, most likely chest compressions
