The Human Body - Genital System, Life Support Chain, & Pathophysiology

Question 1

The male genitalia, except for the ___, lie outside the pelvic cavity

Answer 1

Prostate gland and the seminal vesicles

Question 2

The female genitalia, except for the ___, are contained entirely within the pelvis

Answer 2

Clitoris and labia

Question 3

Parts of the male reproductive system

Answer 3

1. Testicles
2. Epididymis
3. Vasa deferentia
4. Prostate gland
5. Seminal vesicles
6. Penis

Question 4

The hormones are ___ from the testicles

Answer 4

Absorbed directly into the bloodstream

Question 5

The immature sperm are moved from the testicles to the ___ so they can develop

Answer 5

Epididymis

Question 6

From the epididymis the sperm are ___

Answer 6

Carried through the vasa deferentia (or vas deferens) to the seminal vesicles, where they are stored

Question 7

Parts of the female reproductive system

Answer 7

1. Ovaries
2. Fallopian tubes
3. Uterus
4. Cervix
5. Vagina

Question 8

Ovum

Answer 8

Egg cell

Question 9

The ovaries release a mature egg about every ___

Answer 9

28 days

Question 10

From the ovaries the egg ___

Answer 10

Travels through the Fallopian tubes, where fertilization normally occurs

Question 11

The Fallopian tubes exit into the ___

Answer 11

Uterus

Question 12

Fallopian tubes are also called ___

Answer 12

Uterine tubes

Question 13

The uterus is ___

Answer 13

Pear-shaped and hollow, with muscular walls

Question 14

The opening from the uterus to the vagina

Answer 14

The cervix

Question 15

The vagina connects the uterus with the ___

Answer 15

Vulva

Question 16

External female genitalia

Answer 16

Vulva

Question 17

Function of the reproductive system

Answer 17

Reproduction and hormone balance

Question 18

Metabolism

Answer 18

Cells use oxygen to turn available nutrients into chemical energy through the biochemical process

Question 19

Cells prefer to use oxygen for producing ___ because doing so provides cells with ___ times more than is possible without oxygen

Answer 19

1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
2. 15 times

Question 20

ATP

Answer 20

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 21

The waste products of aerobic metabolism

Answer 21

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 22

Anaerobic metabolism is ___

Answer 22

Faster yet less efficient

Question 23

Most well-known byproduct of anaerobic metabolism

Answer 23

Lactic acid

Question 24

Most cells can tolerate anaerobic metabolism for only ___

Answer 24

1 to 3 minutes

Question 25

Brain cells begin to die after only ___ minutes without oxygen

Answer 25

4 to 6

Question 26

As lactic acid and other wastes accumulate around the cells ___

Answer 26

The area becomes toxic. Cells subject to this toxic waste may die, and if enough die, whole organs might fail

Question 27

The main force enabling all the movement of material at the cellular level

Answer 27

Diffusion

Question 28

Cells are surrounded by fluid that allows for ___

Answer 28

Easy movement of nutrients and wastes

Question 29

A critical factor for cell survival of the fluid surrounding the cells is ___

Answer 29

pH

Question 30

Neutral pH

Answer 30

7.0

Question 31

Acidic pH

Answer 31

Less than 7.0

Question 32

Alkaline pH

Answer 32

Greater than 7.0

Question 33

pH for fluid around cells

Answer 33

Near neutral (7.35 - 7.45)

Question 34

The pH of cells waste products are often ___

Answer 34

Acidic

Question 35

Carbon dioxide is transported from the cells by ___

Answer 35

Combining with water to create carbonic acid, which is more soluble in the plasma

Question 36

Plasma contains ___ to act as a buffer for cellular waste products

Answer 36

Sodium bicarbonate

Question 37

The blood and the lungs interact continuously to help maintain the pH level in the body by ___

Answer 37

Controlling the level of carbon dioxide and therefore the level of carbonic acid in the blood

Question 38

How does the body reduce the acidity of the blood?

Answer 38

Respiratory centers in the brainstem will increase breathing to blow off more carbon dioxide

Question 39

If too much carbon dioxide is blow off, the body can become ___

Answer 39

Too alkaline

Question 40

What happens to the pH of the blood during hyperventilation

Answer 40

Becomes too alkaline

Question 41

Most common airway obstruction

Answer 41

The tongue

Question 42

When a person is unconscious the tongue ___

Answer 42

Relaxes and sags posteriorly in the mouth

Question 43

Two ways to express the amount of oxygen in the air

Answer 43

1. Straight percentage 2. A fraction of the inspired oxygen, expressed as the decimal equivalent of the percentage of oxygen being delivered)

Question 44

Overall effect of respiratory compromise

Answer 44

1. Oxygen levels fall and CO2 levels rise in the body 2. Brain detects CO2 increase 3. Body increases respiration rate to normalize 4. Blood becomes more acidic 5. Blood oxygen levels fall

Question 45

Decreased oxygen levels will force cells to use ___ metabolism

Answer 45

Anaerobic

Question 46

Complete lack of oxygen for ___ can overwhelm the body

Answer 46

1 to 3 minutes

Question 47

A condition in which organs and tissues receive an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen (inadequately perfused)

Answer 47

Shock

Question 48

Oxygen delivery is directly related to ___

Answer 48

1. Concentration of red blood cells (and their hemoglobin concentration) 2. Amount of oxygen being carried by the blood (oxygen saturation) 3. Pumping ability of the heart (cardiac output)

Question 49

Impairment to any of the three oxygen delivery factors will lead to ___

Answer 49

Impaired oxygen delivery and shock

Question 50

Impaired oxygen delivery causes ___

Answer 50

Cellular hypoxia, which leads to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid production, and organ disfunction

Question 51

Shock is categorized by ___

Answer 51

Cause

Question 52

Types of shock

Answer 52

1. Hypovolemic 2. Cardiogenic 3. Obstructive 4. Anaphylactic 5. Septic 6. Neurogenic

Question 53

Categories of respiratory compromise

Answer 53

1. Ventilation 2. Respiration 3. Oxygenation

Question 54

Shock resulting from lack of blood volume. Circulating blood volume is inadequate to deliver sufficient oxygen and nutrients to the body

Answer 54

Hypovolemic shock

Question 55

Shock associated with impaired heart function. Compromised heart function prevents wastes and nutrients from moving around the body effectively

Answer 55

Cardiogenic shock

Question 56

Shock resulting from blocked blood flow back to or through the heart

Answer 56

Obstructive shock

Question 57

Shock resulting from sever allergic reaction

Answer 57

Anaphylactic shock

Question 58

Shock resulting from severe infection. Blood vessels dilate and decreased blood pressure results; leads to dysfunction in multiple organ systems and death

Answer 58

Septic shock

Question 59

Shock resulting from injury to the nervous system. Spinal cord injury may result in dilation of vessels below the level of the injury for example

Answer 59

Neurogenic shock

Question 60

Ultimately the effect of all types of shock is ___

Answer 60

Decreased availability of fuel for the cells and the impairment of cellular metabolism

Question 61

Cell death is followed by ___

Answer 61

Necrosis

Question 62

Necrosis

Answer 62

A process in which the cell wall breaks down. The cell membrane becomes abnormally permeable, leading to an influx of electrolytes and fluids. The cell and its components (organelles) swell and are ultimately destroyed