The Human Body - Nervous & Integumentary Systems Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
The ___ sends commands to the adrenal glands
A
Sympathetic nervous system
2
Q
Location of the adrenal glands
A
Sit atop the kidneys
3
Q
Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands to stimulate the heart and blood vessels
A
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
4
Q
The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine affects receptors within the heart and blood vessels and improves the ability to ___
A
Cope with stress
5
Q
The heart and blood vessels have ___ and ___ within them (receptors)
A
- Alpha-adrenergic receptors
- Beta-adrenergic receptors
6
Q
The alpha-adrenergic receptors are found in ___, and when stimulated ___
A
- The blood vessels
- The blood vessels constrict, increasing blood pressure
7
Q
The beta-adrenergic receptors are found in ___
A
The heart and lungs
8
Q
When beta-1 receptors are stimulated ___
A
They cause the heart to increase its rate and also squeeze harder with each contraction
9
Q
When beta-2 receptors are stimulated ___
A
The bronchi in the lungs dilate, allowing more air to be inhaled and exhaled, providing more oxygen to the cells of the body
10
Q
Together the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors prepare the body for ___
A
Fight or flight
11
Q
When stimulated, this system causes the heart to slow and beat more weakly
A
Parasympathetic nervous system
12
Q
These two parts of the nervous system oppose each other in control of the cardiovascular system in a complementary way
A
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Parasympathetic nervous system
13
Q
Special pressure sensors throughout the body that allow the brain to receive information about blood pressure via the nervous system
A
Baroreceptors
14
Q
The main locations for the baroreceptors
A
The arch of the aorta and the carotid arteries
15
Q
Stimulation area of alpha-1
A
Blood vessels
16
Q
Stimulation area of beta-1
A
Heart
17
Q
Stimulation area of beta-2
A
Lungs
18
Q
Stimulation area of muscarinic receptor
A
Heart
19
Q
Effect of stimulation of alpha-1
A
Constricted blood vessels; skin becomes pale, cool, and clammy
20
Q
Effect of stimulation of beta-1
A
Increased heart rate
21
Q
Effect of stimulation of beta-2
A
Bronchodilation
22
Q
Effect of stimulation of muscarinic receptors
A
Decreased heart rate, decreased force of contraction
23
Q
Muscarinic receptors are found in ___
A
The parasympathetic nervous system
24
Q
Most complex organ system within the body
A
Nervous system
25
Parts of the nervous system
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord
3. Thousands of nerves
26
Two main portions of the nervous system
1. Central nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system
27
The peripheral nervous system can be divided into ___
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems
28
The brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
29
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord that link the CNS to various organs throughout the body
Peripheral nervous system
30
CNS
Central Nervous System
31
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
32
Regulates activities over which we have voluntary control, such as walking, talking and writing
Somatic nervous system
33
Controls those functions that occur autonomously, such as digestion, dilation and constriction of the blood vessels, sweating, and other involuntary actions
Autonomic nervous system
34
Three major subdivisions of the brain
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Brainstem
35
The cerebrum accounts for ___ portion of the brain
3/4
36
Surface of the cerebrum
Cortex
37
The cortex is made up of ___
Neurons bodies
38
Give the brain its gray-brown color
Neurons
39
Responsible for higher brain functions
Cerebrum
40
The cerebrum can be divided into ___
Right and left hemisphers
41
The cerebrum can be divided into ___
Right and left hemispheres
42
The hemispheres of the cerebrum can be divided into ___
Lobes
43
Lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebrum
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital
44
Controls personality, judgement, planning, problem-solving, concentration, and self-awareness
Frontal lobe
45
Controls the recognition of spatial relationships and integrates sensory information received from the body to form our perception of the world around us
Parietal lobe
46
Responsible for vision
Occipital lobe
47
Responsible for taste, hearing, and our ability to understand words
Temporal lobe
48
Located beneath the cerebrum
Cerebellum
49
Controls balance, muscle coordination, and posture
Cerebellum
50
Acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord
Brainstem
51
Most primitive part of the CNS
Brainstem
52
Controls virtually all involuntary, life-sustaining functions, such as heart rate, breathing, temperature regulation, digestion, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and the wake/sleep cycle
Brainstem
53
The brainstem comprises the ___
Midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata
54
Within the brainstem is a network of neurons called the ___
Reticular activating system
55
RAS
Reticular activating system
56
Regulates consciousness
RAS
57
When the RAS is stimulated, it ___
Wakes the cerebral cortex
58
Without the RAS, ___ would not be possible
Wakefulness and awareness
59
When someone experiences a concussion from a head injury, the immediate loss of consciousness is due to ___
A momentary interruption in the RAS
60
In addition to filtering out impurities and toxins, CSF ___
Absorbs shocks
61
When significant forces are applied to the head, CSF allow the brain to ___
Shift inside the skull without being damaged
62
Some skull fractures may allow CSF to leak from ___
The ears or nose
63
The brain requires a constant flow of ___
Oxygenated blood
64
The spinal cord is encased within the ___, through a passage called the ___
1. Vertebral column
2. Spinal canal
65
The spinal cord terminates at ___
The level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2)
66
The spinal cord contains ___
Nerve cell bodies, but a larger portion is composed of extensions from those bodies that facilitate communication between neurons
67
Before connecting with the brain, nerve fibers from the spinal cord ___
Cross over from one side to the other
68
Primary function of the spinal cord
Transmit messages between the Brian and the body
69
The messages along the spinal cord are passed along the ___ as ___
1. Nerve fibers
2. Electrical impulses
70
Vision and storage of visual memories
Occipital lobe
71
Sense of touch and texture, storage of those memories
Parietal lobe
72
Hearing, smell, and language, storage of sound and odor memories
Temporal lobe
73
Voluntary muscle control and storage of those memories
Frontal lobe
74
Judgment and predicting consequences of actions, abstract intellectual functions
Prefrontal area
75
Basic emotions, basic reflexes (e.g. chewing, swallowing)
Limbic system
76
Relay center, filters important signals from routine signals
Diencephalon (thalamus)
77
Emotions, temperature control, interface with endocrine system (hormone control)
Diencephalon (hypothalamus)
78
Level of consciousness, reticular activating system, muscle tone, and posture
Midbrain
79
Respiratory patterning and depth
Pons
80
Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate
Medulla oblongata
81
Reflexes, relays information to and from the body
Spinal cord
82
Brainstem to head and neck, special peripheral nerves that connect directly to body parts
Cranial nerves
83
Brain to spinal cord to body part, receive stimulus from body, send commands to body
Peripheral nerves
84
The autonomic nervous system is divided between the ___
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
85
Two types of nerves used in the peripheral nervous system
1. Sensory nerves
2. Motor nerves
86
Every sensory nerve uses ___
Specialized nerve endings unique to its type, so that it perceives and communicates information about a single type of sensation
87
Most sensory nerves carry information ___, others can ___
1. To the brain via the spinal cord
2. Take information to the brain directly
88
In some instances, the impulse of the sensory nerve can be intercepted by a ___ to initiate the reaction before the brain receives the information
Nearby motor nerve
89
Every skeletal muscle in the body has its own ___
Motor nerve
90
Motor neuron cell bodies reside in the ___
Spinal cord
91
From the motor neuron cell bodies ___ extend to skeletal muscles
Axons
92
Integumentary System
Skin
93
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
94
Largest organ in the human body
Cutaneous membrane
95
Two major components of the cutaneous membrane
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
96
Under the epidermis and dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
97
Keeps microorganisms out of the body while keeping fluids inside
Epidermis
98
Thickest parts of the skin
Soles, palms, back, and scalp
99
The thinner areas of skin can be ___ thick
Only 2 or 3 cells
100
Epidermal cells layers
1. Germinal layers
2. Stratum corneum (surface)
101
The journey from germinal layer to the surface takes about ___
4 weeks
102
Continuously produces new skin cells that gradually ascend through the layers
Germinal layer
103
Contains cells that produce pigment granules
Germinal layer
104
The stratum corneum is not supplied with ___
Blood
105
Located beneath the epidermis
Dermis
106
Contains sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerve endings
Dermis
107
Sweat reaches the surface of the skin by way of ___
Small pores or ducts
108
Connected to the hair is a ___
Small muscle that pulls the hair into an erect position when triggered by certain stimuli
109
Adjacent to hair follicles, ___ secrete an oily substance called ___ along the hair follicles to the skin surface
1. Sebaceous glands
2. Sebum
110
Purpose of sebum
Seals the surface, water-proofing the skin and preventing it from drying and cracking
111
Layer of skin with blood vessels
Dermis, small branches extend up to the germinal layer
112
Layer of skin with nerve endings
Dermis
113
Immediately under the dermis and attached to it
Subcutaneous tissue
114
The subcutaneous tissue is composed largely of ___, which serves as ___
1. Fat
2. An insulator for the body and a reservoir that stores energy
115
The subcutaneous layer helps to anchor ___
The skin to the structures below
116
The mouth, nose, anus, and vagina are lined with ___ instead of skin
Mucous membranes
117
Functions of skin
1. Protect the body from the environment
2. Maintain normal body temperature
3. Transmit sensory information from the environment to the brain
118
The major organ for regulation of body temperature is the ___
Skin
119
___ in the skin ___ when the body is in a cold environment and ___ when the body is in a warm environment
1. Blood vessels
2. Constrict
3. Dilate
