Test 3: 56

Question 1

___ is propagation of genetic information into offspring through combining the genetic information from two individuals (mother and father)

Answer 1

sexual reproduction

Question 2

two phases of the life cycle of animals with sexual reproduction

Answer 2

One is the diploid phase where cells have two copies of genome in cells, one from mother, one from father.

The other phase is haploid phase where germ cells, undergo meiosis by which they generate gametes that has only 1 copy of genome after shuffling the paternal and maternal chromosomes through the process called recombination

Upon fertilization, these two haploid gamates unite to re-establish the diploid phase.

Question 3

___phase where cells have two copies of genome in cells, one from mother, one from father.

Answer 3

diploid

Question 4

___ phase where germ cells, undergo meiosis by which they generate gamates that has only 1 copy of genome after shuffling the paternal and maternal chromosomes through the process called ___

Answer 4

haploid

recombination

Question 5

Upon fertilization, these two haploid gamates unite to re-establish the ___ phase.

Answer 5

diploid

Question 6

haploid phase have how many copies of each chromosome?

Answer 6

one of each

Question 7

meiosis leads to ___

Answer 7

father and mother get mixed (recombination) creates

sperm and oocyte (haploid )

Question 8

diplontic life cycle

Answer 8

most animals

most life cycle is diploid phase

Question 9

haplontic life cycle

Answer 9

most of life cycle is in haploid stage

ulothrix (sea vegtable)

Question 10

haploid diploid life cycle

Answer 10

mix of haploid and diploid evenly

ulva

Question 11

bacteria reproduce ___

Answer 11

asexually

Question 12

why have sex?

Answer 12

• Sex procures offspring with a new combination of DNA resulting in genetic variation among individuals:
• Increased adaptation to changing environment
• Enables sexual selection: some individuals out reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates for sexual reproduction

Question 13

advantage and disadvantage of asexual reproduction

Answer 13

identical offspring

very fast

disadvantage

all faulty genetic material is passed on

Question 14

advantage and disadvantage of sexual reproduction

Answer 14

advantage

genetic variation

disadvantage

slower

takes lots of energy and time

Question 15

horizontal gene transfer is how ___ exchange genetic material between cells

Answer 15

bacteria

Question 16

ways bacteria can transfer information

Answer 16

conjugation

transformation

transduction

Question 17

There are a number of different mechanisms that determine whether one individual become __ or __

Answer 17

male or female.

Question 18

sex determination is influenced by ___ or ___

Answer 18

genetic sex determination

environmental sex determination (temp, visual cue and position)

Question 19

limpet’s position in the stack

Answer 19

type of environmental sex determination

larva

1st one is female, will attract new larva which will become male and mate. then top one will change into female and attract new larva ect ect

Question 20

•Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in ___ and crocodiles

Answer 20

turtles

the histone demethylase KDM68

increase in global temperatures changes sex of turtles and crocodiles

high temp Dmrt1 blocked → girls

low temp Dmrt1 activated → male

Question 21

visual cues in fish can change ___

Answer 21

sex determination

type of environmental cue

smaller fish will become female

bigger fish will become male

Question 22

genetic sex

Answer 22

XX = ovary

XY= testis

Question 23

gonadal sex

Answer 23

ovary vs testis

Question 24

phenotypic sex

Answer 24

internal and external genitalia

Question 25

psychological sex

Answer 25

brain sex gender identity partner preference

Question 26

karyotype

Answer 26

chromosome lined up with each other will show XX for female XY for male

Question 27

XX- XO genetic sex

Answer 27

grasshopper XX female XO male

Question 28

XX- XY system

Answer 28

mammals XX female XY males

Question 29

ZZ-ZW system

Answer 29

birds, snakes, butterflies, some amphibians, and fishes ZZ male ZW female

Question 30

haplodiploidy system

Answer 30

haploid set- male diploid set- female bees, wasps, ants

Question 31

\_\_\_ is a master regulator in mammalian sex determination

Answer 31

SYR sorry you are a boy

Question 32

SRY knockout XY mice will do what

Answer 32

male to female sex reversal

Question 33

SRY transgenic XX mice

Answer 33

female to male sex reversal

Question 34

TDF

Answer 34

testis determining factor SYR = testis

Question 35

who discovered gonadal sex

Answer 35

alfred jost castration of a rabbit fetus

Question 36

primitive gonads

Answer 36

will turn into male or female wolffiann duct → male things mullerian duct→ female things

Question 37

wolffian (\_\_\_) duct will develop into \_\_\_

Answer 37

**mesonephric duct** epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles ejaculatory duct **male things**

Question 38

mullerian (\_\_\_) duct will turn into \_\_\_

Answer 38

**paramesonephric** fallopian tubules uterus upper part of vagina **female things**

Question 39

when does primitive gonad differentiate?

Answer 39

week 9-10 XY testis will form and mullerian duct will break down XX: ovaries will form and wolffian duct will break down

Question 40

jost hypothesis for sex determination

Answer 40

•Phenotypic sex (internal/external sex organ development) is determined by the gonadal sex (testis/ovary)

Question 41

what did jost experiment do and show

Answer 41

removed gonadal sex in fetus male → female female → female **showed female is default stage.** ovary not needed to develop XX **testis needed for phenotypic sex of XY**, testis will support wolffian duct turning into male things and will inhibit mullerian duct from turning into female things

Question 42

\_\_\_ not necessary for the female phenotypic sex development in XX

Answer 42

•Ovary

Question 43

\_\_\_ is necessary for the male phenotypic sex in XY

Answer 43

•Testis

Question 44

jost transferred testis on one side of fetus to show

Answer 44

on side of testis wollfian duct is present and mullerian duct is absent

Question 45

in jost experiment grafter testosterone creates \_\_\_

Answer 45

wolffian duct will persist in female * Testosterone is sufficient to support Wolffian duct. * Testosterone does not affect Mullerian duct. suggests the presence of a “ mullerian inhibitory susbstance”

Question 46

mullerian inhibitory substance was found/ proven in \_\_\_

Answer 46

1986 anti-mullerian hormone

Question 47

at 6 weeks gonads are \_\_\_

Answer 47

undifferentiated- neither male or female

Question 48

how is male phenotype formed

Answer 48

gonad → testis which produces testosterone which stimulates formation of wolffian tubes into male things. Testis will also produce anti-mullerian hormone which will cause **mullerian tubes to degrade**

Question 49

how is female phenotype formed

Answer 49

default setting gonad→ ovary. wolffian duct degrades naturally and mullerian duct turns into female things

Question 50

Gartner’s duct cyst

Answer 50

**Wolffian duct remnant** Benign vaginal cyst, occurring along the lateral walls of the vagina Often asymptomatic Can cause Infections, bladder dysfunction

Question 51

\_\_\_ are cyst in female caused by wolffian duct not breaking down all the way

Answer 51

gartner's duct cyst

Question 52

at 6 weeks of development what external genitalia is seen

Answer 52

identical in male and females **genital tubercle** surrounded by **genital swelling**

Question 53

testosterone will turn external genitalia into

Answer 53

penis

Question 54

5 alpha reductase deficiency

Answer 54

•The Enzyme converting testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a potent androgen critical for the development of external genitalias (prostate, penis, scrotum) **external females will develop male external genitalia during puberty** **treatment: finasteride** which is a 5α-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment.

Question 55

how to treat 5α-reductase deficiency

Answer 55

5α-reductase inhibitor, **finasteride**, used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment.

Question 56

•Alfred Jost found that the testis directs the phenotypic sex through producing ___ and \_\_\_

Answer 56

testosterone and AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone).

Question 57

•There are two sex determination systems, genetic vs ___ sex determination

Answer 57

environmental

Question 58

\_\_ on Y chromosome is the master regulator of mammalian sex determination

Answer 58

SRY