lecture 18-20 Flashcards by jillian Bastidas

triangle G of ATP to ADP

-7.3 (very favorable reaction)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ADP to ATP

photosynthesis
oxidation of fuel molecules
(oxidation phosphorylation)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oxidation phosphorylation

creates ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

people usually store a 4 minute supply of

ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oxidation phosphorylation

generation of ATP by the transfer of electrons to O2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

any condition that deprived the tissue of O2 or ____ oxidate phosphorylation create a serious medical conditions such as ____

inhibits

anemia
anoxia
compromised pulmonary/ cardiac function

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

RBC have no mitochondria so it relies exclusively on ___ for ATP

anaerobic glycolysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

LEO says GER

loss electron is oxidation

gain of electron is reduced

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

malate to oxaloacetate

malate dehygrogenase (NAD to NADH + H+

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oxidant

compound the pulls electrons form other molecules (gets reduced)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

reductant

compound that donates electrons to other moloecule (gets oxidized)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the free energy for the transfer of 2 electrons from NADH to 1/2 O2 is -52 kcal/mole. How does this compare to the energy required to make 1 ATP?

-7.3 kcal/mol

can make several ATP in one oxidation-reduction reaction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FADH2 will create__ energy then NADH

less

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

make up of mitochondria

two membranes
-outer membrane
protein channels that let most small molecules across

inter-membrane space

-inner membrane
highly folded (increase surface area)
impermeable to most ions
-where oxidation phosphorylation

matrix
-where TCA and fatty acid oxidation take place

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where does TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur

in the matrix of the mitochondria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oxidation phosphorylation occurs in the

inner membrane of the mitochondria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oxidative phosphorylation has two distinct processes that are normally tightly couples

electron transport chain

ATP synthesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

electron transport chain

NADH
-NADH-Q oxidoreductase

from the side
Succinate-Q reductase

Q
-Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase

Cyt c
-cytochrome c oxidase
O2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

why do we need proteins in ETC

storing energy
regulation
protect cell from reactive intermediates
NADH is stable, these proteins make the process go

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prosthetic group- non peptide component of a protein that is ___ bound and is ____ biological activity

tightly

biologic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 types of prosthetic groups that help ETC

flavin
iron sulfur
heme
copper ions
coenzyme Q

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

flavin mononucleotide- derived from vitamin ___aka.____

B2
riboflavin

carries electrons by changing numbers of double bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Iron sulfur complexes

variety of ways they can be arranged, iron is oxidized state 2+ or 3+, carries electron by changing oxidation state

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

heme

prosthetic group of cytochrome proteins 2+ or 3+ state of Iron (Fe) carries electron by changing oxidation state

copper ions

oxidation state 1+ or 2+, essential trace mineral, increased copper can be lethal Bedlington terriers make too much copper

type of dog that produces to much copper

Bedlington terriers

coenzyme Q

carries electrons by changing number of double bonds very hydrophobic stays inside inner-membrane of the mitochondria

three large protein complexes in the inner membrane of mitochondria that help with ETC

NADH Q oxidoreductase Q cytochrome c oxidoreductase cytochrome c oxidase

1st protein in the ETC that transfers electrons from NADH to Q

NADH Q oxidoreductase

crosses the membrane 46 subunits gives electrons from NADH to Q to form QH2

2nd protein in the ETC that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c

Q cytochrome c oxidoreductase

2nd protein in ETC gives electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c

cytochrome c

small heme containing protein | located on the outer surface of the inner membrane

3rd protein of the ETC that transfers electrons from cytochrome c to O2 to form H20

cytochrome c oxidase

electrons from FADH2 are transferred to Q, for example, succinate dehydrogenase, which is an enzyme in the TCA cycle, transfers electrons to Q via ____

FADH2

ETC move __ through the chain pumping ___ into the ___. the electrons eventually leave with O to form ___

electrons H intermembrane space water

reduction of oxygen to water generates several reactive intermediates called

superoxide anion 02^(.-) negatively charged with unpairs electron (radical) very reactive

superoxide anion is very ___ and must be kept at a very low level. Mitochondria are a significant source of reactive oxygen species.

reactive

as electrons flow through the ___, ___ are pumped from the ___ into the ___. The __ gradient across the inner membrane is used to drive ____.

chemiosmotic hypothesis- ``` ETC protons matrix intermembrane space proton ATP synthesis ```

___ uses proton gradient to generate energy as H (protons) are pumped back into matrix of mitochondria

ATP synthesis

proton gradient across the inner membrane

1.4 pH unit difference very big difference!

proton gradient generated by other mechanisms such as ____ can work with ATP synthesis the same way that ___ does

proteins that pump protons when exposed to light ETC

ATP synthesis stops if

proton gradient is neutralized or destroyed

ATP synthesis stops if

proton gradient is neutralized or destroyed

P:O ratio- ratio of ___ made per atoms of ___ reduced

ATPs | Oxygen

because electrons from FADHs bypass NADH-Q oxidoreductase, fewer ___ are pumped across the inner membrane and fewer ____ are synthesized

protons ATP FADH(from TCA cycle) start at Q instead of 1st protein. 2.5 ATP = 1 NADH 1.5 ATP = FADH2

in P:O P is ____ O is ___

phosphate going into ATP Atoms of oxygen

FADH2 produces ___ ATP

1.5

NADH produces ___ ATP

2.5

ATP synthase | c ring and a subunits form the

proton channel through inner membrane

ATP synthase | alpha subunit has ___ partial membrane channels

ATP synthase | catalytic sites for ATP synthesis

3 Beta subunits

ATP synthase | alpha subunits help ___

beta subunits

ATP synthase | gamma subunit

acts as rotary engine

explain how ATP synthase works

protons move from alpha onto C ring and cause C ring to move- protons will go all the way around and leave by the lower alpha partial membrane channel this process rotates gamma which changes the shape of B and alpha units which causes ADP to convert to ATP and be released into cell

ATP binding site of B subunit exist in three different ___

confirmations | L,O,T

L or loose: binds ___ and ___, but cannot synthesize ATP

ADP Pi ATP

T or Tight: can synthesize ___ from ADP and Pi, but cannot ___ ATP

ATP | release

O or open: has very low affinity for ___, which allows ATP to be ___. Can bind ADP and Pi

ATP | released

rotation of the ___ subunit driven by the ____ changes the confirmation of the ___ subunits.

gamma proton gradient through alpha Beta

T goes to ___, O goes to ___ L goes to ___

O L T

respiratory control- regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by the availabilty of ___

ADP

one mechanism contributing to respiratory control: if ADP is not available, the proton gradient will ___. Because the flow of electrons through the ETC is tightly coupled to the pumping of protons, the flow if electrons will slow as it becomes more difficult to pump protons across the inner membrane. O2 consumption ___ and energy rich molecules are ___. other mechanisms likely contribute to respiratory control

increase decreases conserved

1 full turn of c ring would create ___ ATP

Respiratory control also affects TCA cycle- if oxidative phosphorylation slows due to low ADP, ATP will be high and NADH will increase in the matrix of the mitochondria. ATP and NADH both ___ enzymes in the TCA cycle

inhibit

Lower NAD+ and FAD also slow TCA cycle since they are key TCA ___

substrates

The key feature of chemical uncouplers is there ability to carry ___ across the inner membrane of the mitochondria back into the matrix

protons

in the presence of uncouplers, ATP synthesis is reduced, but ETC continues and in fact accelerates why?

uncouplers help move protons, makes it easier to move protons ****

brown fat is brown because of numerous

mitochondria

brown fat produces ___ which is especially important for ____

heat newborns hybernation cold adaptations

not completely uncoupled, so some ___ is made. Uncoupling proteins is inhibited by ___ and activated by ___

ATP GDP (similar to ADP) free fatty acids

Chemical uncouplers are potentially dangerous because

causes profuse sweating, collapse, hyperthermia makes person too hot

4 proteins needed for ETC

``` NADH -NADH-Q oxidoreductase -succinate Q reductase Q -Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase cty c -cytochrome c oxidase O2=4 electrons given to H20 ```

cyanogenic glycosides- plant carbs that release ___. Cyanide blocks ___

cyanide | cytochrome c oxidase (last protein of ETC)

cyanogenic glycosides are found in __ therefore ___ are most common victims because of their diet

grasses, seeds and some fruits, burning plastic ruminants

how to treat cyanide

nitrites- they oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin which binds cyanide hydroxocobalamin- form of vitamin B12 that binds cyanide Thiosulfate- reaction with cyanide to form thiocyanate. reaction is enzymatically catalyzed

carbon monoxide- main effect is to block O2 transport by hemoglobin but its also blocks

cytochrome c oxidase (last protein of ETC)

treatment for carbon monoxide

oxygen therapy | ****

rodenticide that is an ____. No known antidote

Bromethalin- uncoupler- dissipated proton gradient

insecticide and piscicide. blocks NADH Q oxiodreductase

rotenone

a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body. Can be caused by ___

hypoxia shock, extreme blood loss altitude anemia poor cardiac function

localized tissue anemia due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood such as a ____ .

ischemia heart attack or stroke

vet example of ischemia

aortic thromboembolism in cats twisted bowel in horses

____ is when ETC stops during tissue ischemia due to lack of ___. ETC complexes become fully reduced. When O2 is restored ___ escape from the ETC and form ____ and other reactive oxygen species.

Reperfusion injury Oxygen electrons superoxide anion (O2^.-)

mitochondria have their own ___ and ___.

genes and proteins

most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the ___, synthesized in the cytoplasm and then imported in to mitochondria.

nucleus

mitochondrial genetics- number of mitochondria per cell ___ . Each mitochondria has multiple mitochondrial DNA, typically ___ copies of mitochondrial DNA per cell

100 to 1000 1000s

mitochondria are inherited form the ____

mother

mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA is ___ because

higher ETC makes reactive agents (superoxide anions) that tend to attack DNA

a process called ___ can eliminate low function or defective mitochondria

mitophagy

neuro and muscle tissue are common sites of pathology due to their___ requirement for ATP production and therefor oxidative phosphorylation

high

symptoms of diseases involving mutations in mitochondrial DNA often have a ___ onset

late