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21 fall: Biochem > lecture 15 > Flashcards

lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

TCA cycle happens when there is ___ O2

A

lots of

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2
Q

glycolysis 10 steps

A

GGFFDG132PPPP

Glucose(H)=G (uses ADP)

F(PFK1)=F (uses ADP) commitment step

G(G3PD) = 13BG (gain ATP)

13BG(PGK)=3P (gain NADH)

PPP(PK)=pyruvate (gain ATP)

net gain=2 ATP

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3
Q

pyruvate converts into lactate by

A 
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
(NADH +H -->NAD+)
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4
Q

pyruvate converts to acetyl-CoA by

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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5
Q

LDH is used in what

A

lactate dehydrogenase

convert pyruvate to lactate

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6
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase is used in what

A

convert pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA

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7
Q

5 things help PDH

A

PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase
(convert pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA)

TPP
lipoamide
FAD+
NAD+
CoA
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8
Q

two diseases associated with issues with PDH

A

PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase
(convert pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA)

BeriBeri
Arsenic poisioning

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9
Q

TCA cycle

A

ACIasSFMO

aCoA(CS)=C

I(ID) = a +NADH

a(aKDC)=sCOA +NADH

sCOA(sCOAS)=S +GTP(ATP)

S(SD)=F +FADH2

M(MD)=O + NADH

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10
Q

citrate can leave the mitochondria and regulate ___

A

glycolysis

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11
Q

1 glucose = ___ ATP

A

30

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12
Q

citrate can be used to make

A

fatty acids and steroids

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13
Q

a-Ketoglutarate can be used to make

A

glutamate which can be used

to make purines

or

arginine
proline
glutamine

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14
Q

succinyl CoA can be used to make

A

porphyrins, heme

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15
Q

oxaloacetate can be used to make

A

either

aspartate
asparagine
—> pyrimidines

or

PEP (phosphoenolypyruvate)

which can be used to make glucose
or
serine,glycine,cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan

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16
Q

hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway)

A

glucose -> NADPH, ribose 5’ phosphate

tumor, RBC, eyes. liver need NADPH

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17
Q

what cells like hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway)

A

tumor, RBC, eyes. liver because they need NADPH

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18
Q

another name for pentose phosphate pathway

A

hexose monophosphate shunt

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19
Q

pentose is used for

A

making nucleic acids and nucleotides

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20
Q

NADPH is used for

A
  • reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids
  • to make some amino acids
  • anti-oxidant reactions
  • hydroxylation reactions- detox of drugs
  • phagocytosis
  • preserve RBC membrane
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21
Q

pentose phosphate pathway happens in ___ of the cell

A

cytoplasm

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22
Q

places where PPP(pentose phosphate pathway happen are

A

liver, adipose, adrenal gland, RBC, testes, lactating mammary gland, cancer cells

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23
Q

does pentose phosphate pathway need ATP

A

no

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24
Q

1st step PPP

glucose 6 phosphate
-(____)
=_______

A

(from 1st step of glycolysis)
glucose (hexokinase +ATP) =glucose-6-phosphate

if cell doesn’t need energy, instead needs NADPH or nucleotides it will go through PPP

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
(NADP+ in NADPH out)
= 6-phosphogluconate

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25
1st step PPP
glucose 6 phosphate -glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+ in NADPH out) = 6-phosphogluconate g6p(g6pd)=6p +NADPH
26
g6pd
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme used in 1st step of PPP cycle to covert glucose 6 phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate
27
2nd step PPP 6-phosphogluconate -(____) =_______
(6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase) (NADP+ in) (NADPH + CO2 out) =ribulose 5-phosphate
28
2nd step PPP
``` 6-phosphogluconate (6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase) (NADP+ in) (NADPH + CO2 out) =ribulose 5-phosphate ```
29
oxidative phase of PPP
``` glucose 6 phosphate 6-phosphogluconate Ribulose 5 phosphate Ribose 5 phosphate nucleotides, conenzymes, DNA and RNA ```
30
Ribulose 5 phosphate can go into glycolysis by
Ribulose 5 phosphate -transketolase glucose-6- phosphate g6p is second step of glycolysis will just start from there
31
why would Ribulose 5 phosphate turn into glucose-6- phosphate
cell needs energy -cell needs to start glycolysis to make ATP uses enzyme -transketolase to go backwards
32
NADPH is used by
liver, adipose, lactating mammary gland (extensive Fatty acid synthesis) liver, adrenal gland, gonad (active cholesterol and steroid synthesis)
33
NADPH can be used for
- fatty acid synthesis | - cholesterol and steroid synthesis
34
PPP cycle in all
1. glucose 6 phosphate - glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+ in NADPH out) 2. 6-phosphogluconate - 6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase (NADP+ in NADPH out) 3. Ribulose 5 phosphate (can go back to the top - transketolase ) Ribose 5 phosphate
35
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
favism -(eat fava beans trigger) Mediterranean and African variants - inherited sex linked - RBC - impaired synthesis of NADPH - hemolysis, hemolytic anemia - resistance toward malaria G6PD deficiency is one of the most common human enzyme defect at 7.5 % this enzyme is used in 1st step from PPP g6p(g6pd)=6p +NADPH
36
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
RBC use this enzyme for generation of NADPH to reduce oxidative stress in cells this enzyme is used in 1st step from PPP g6p(g6pd)=6p +NADPH
37
___one of the most common human enzyme defect at 7.5 %
G6PD glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
38
diseases associated with errors with PPP
favism -jaundace, RBC issues wernicke-korsakoff syndrome - mental disorders - alteration in transketolase - thymine def pernicois anemia - weak RBC - increase in transketolase - b12 def
39
disease cause by error in PPP by alteration of transketolase
transketolase enzyme used to go backwards in PPP Ribulose 5 phosphate back to glucose 6 phosphate wernicke-korsakoff syndrome - decrease of transketolase - mental disorders pernicois anemia - too much transketolase - cant form NADPH - fragile RBC
40
why do PPP
need NADPH need ribose ribose is used to make nucleotides, to make DNA and RNA NADPH is used to make fatty acids, cholesterol and synthesis
41
glucose stored as
glycogen
42
glycogen is usually found in
liver and muscle
43
___ induces glycogen synthesis
insulin
44
___ causes the breakdown of glycogen
glucagon
45
glycogen in the muscle is for
maintaining the blood glucose level
46
glycogen in the muscle is for
fuel reserves
47
most glycogen is stored in ___ , some glycogen is stored in ___
liver | muscle
48
synthesis of glycogen
glycogenesis
49
what part of the cell does glycogenesis take place
cytoplasm
50
steps of glycogenesis
glucose - hexokinase (in muscles) - glucokinase (in liver) glucose 6 phosphate -phosphoglucomutase glucose 1 phosphate (isomerization step) -UDP- glucose pyrophosphatase UDP- glucose (activation step) -glycogen synthase alpha(1-4) glucosyl units (forms long chain) -branching enzyme glycogen (alpha(1-4) and alpha (1-6) glucosyl units)
51
what is the isomerization step of glycogenesis (making glycogen)
glucose 1 phosphate -UDP- glucose pyrophosphatase =UDP- glucose
52
what is the activation step of glycogenesis (making glycogen)
UDP- glucose (activation step) -glycogen synthase =alpha(1-4) glucosyl units
53
what enzymes in glycogenesis tend to get defects that lead to cancer
glycogen synthase | branching enzyme
54
breakdown of glycogen
glycogenolysis
55
glycogenolysis is ___ meaning it can not go backwards
irreversible
56
glycogenolysis takes place in what part of the cell
cytoplasm
57
elevated insulin increases glycogen
synthesis
58
elevated glucagon increases glycogen
degradation
59
steps of glycogenolysis
glycogen -debranching enzyme glucose 1 phosphate -phophoglucomutase glucose 6 phosphate (in muscle) -glucose 6 phosphatase glucose (in liver)
60
debranching enzymes involved in glycogenolysis
- glycogen phosphorylase - alpha(1-4) -> alpha (1-4) glucan transferase - amylo-alpha(1-6) glucosidase
61
does glycogenolysis need energy
no
62
type 1 (von gierke's disease)
glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency issue with glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)
63
symptoms of type 1 (von gierke's disease)
glucose-6 phosphatase deficiency hypoglycemia, enlarged liver and kidneys, gout, nose bleeds, short stature issue with glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)
64
type III (cori's disease, forbe disease)
debranching enzyme deficiency hypoglycemia, enlarged liver, cirrhosis, cardiac involvement issue with glycogenolysis
65
type IV( andersen's disease)
branching enzyme deficiency enlarges liver and spleen, diminished muscle tone, possible nervous system involvment (can not make glycogen- builds up in liver) issue with glycogenesis
66
branching enzyme deficiency
type IV( andersen's disease) (can not make glycogen- builds up in liver) issue with glycogenesis
67
debranching enzyme deficiency
type III (cori's disease, forbe disease) can not break down glycogen- not enough glucose available for normal functions) issue with glycogenolysis
68
glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency
type 1 (von gierke's disease) can not break down glycogen- not enough glucose available for normal functions) issue with glycogenesis
69
making glucose form non-carbohydrates
gluconeogenesis
70
where does gluconeogenesis happen?
liver (60%) | kidney(40%)
71
what are some precursors for gluconeogenesis
lactate, pyruvate, plycogenic amino acids, propionate and glycerol
72
in what type of people/ situations is gluconeogenesis happening
athletes fasting no carb diets
73
what organs does gluconeogenesis. where does it occurs in ___ and ___ of those organs
takes place in the liver and kidney matrix cytosol and some produced in mitochondria
74
what body parts need glucose for normal function
brain, RBC, testes and kidney
75
under ___ condition, ___ is the only source to supply skeletal muscles
anaerobic glucose
76
___ effectively clears, certain metabolites produced on the tissue that accumulates in blood
gluconeogenesis
77
___ occurs to maintain normal body functions if fasting for over a day
gluconeogenesis
78
which steps of glycolysis are different in gluconeogenesis?
GGFFDG132PPPP step 1 glucose -hexokinase glucose-6-phosphate step 3 fructose 6 phosphate -PFK1 fructose 1,6 biphosphate last step Phosphoenolpyruvate -pyruvate kinase pyruvate
79
gluconeogenesis
steps same but reverse of glycolysis except for (happens in mitochondria then switches to cytoplasm) ``` step 1. pyruvate -pyruvate carboxylase oxaloacetate -PEP carboxykinase Phosphoenolpyruvate ``` step 9 fructose 1,6 biphosphate -fructose 1,6 biphosphatase fructose 6 phosphate step 10 glucose 6- phosphate -glucose 6 phosphatase glucose
80
in step 1 of gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate is from
``` step 1. pyruvate -pyruvate carboxylase oxaloacetate -PAP carboxykinase Phosphoenolpyruvate ``` from TCA cycle ACIasSFMO Malate -malate dehydrogenase oxaloacetate +NADH
81
in step 1 of gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate will change forms and move from the ___ to the ___ of the cell
mitochondria cytoplasm
82
what is cori cycle
lactate into glucose happens in the liver
83
lactate + ATP +gluconeogenesis =
glucose in the liver this can be stored as glycogen or transported out as glucose to be used somewhere else
84
ways cell gets energy when fasting
lactate converts into pyruvate - alanine(proteins) convert to pyruvate - fatty acids- aceylCoA---> ATP - glycerol
85
what amino acid can change in pyruvate
alanine

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

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