lecture 16 Flashcards by jillian Bastidas

high glucose goes to

+/- O2
PPP
NADPH
Riboses

-O2
glycolysis
-> +O2
TCA cycle

glycogen
energy storage

too much glucose stored as
fats

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low glucose goes to

glycogen is broken down

gluconeogenosis

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brain will use what type of energy

glucose

will use ketone bodies if needed

fatty acids can NOT be used

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heart will use what type of energy

fatty acids
will use ketone bodies if dying
O2 to low will use glycolysis

does not really use glucose

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Liver will use what type of energy

prefers fatty acids

will use glucose

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muscle will use what type of energy

will use glucose from breakdown of glycogen in the short term

if O2 available will use glycolysis and oxidative metabolism in the long term

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Kidney will use what type of energy

glucose/glycolysis used in medulla

fatty acids, ketone bodies and glucose used in cortex for high energy

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three types of carb metabolism

allosteric -ATP, citrate
hormonal -glucagon
transcriptional

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if we have ____, TCA will not happen. This is an example of ___ regulation

ATP, citrate, succinyl-CoA, NADH

allosteric

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TCA steps where energy is created

ACIasSFMO
1, 4, 1

acetylCoA(CS)-Citrate (regulated)

isocitrate (ID)to a-ketogluterate makes NAHD

a-ketogluterate (aKDC) to succinylCoA
makes NAHD

succinyl CoA (sCoAS) to succinate
makes ATP

Succinate (SD)to fumarate
makes FADH2

Malate (MD)to oxaloacetate
makes NAHD

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regulation of glycolysis at steps 1,3,10

GGFFDG1,3,2,PPP,P

step 1
glucose
-hexokinase
glucose-6-phosphate

step 3
fructose 6 phosphate
-PKF-1
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

step 10
phosphoenolpyruvate
-pyruvate kinase
pyruvate

-product inhibition at step 1

-citrate
( intermediate from TCA (acetyl CoA(citrate synthase)=citrate)
inhibits PFK1 at step 3

High ATP inhibition at step 10

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how does product inhibition of step 1 of glycolysis work?

product inhibition-
if there is already too much glucose-6-phosphate the cell will not go through glycolysis

GGFFDG1,3,2,PEP,P
step 1
glucose
-hexokinase
glucose-6-phosphate

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What is an inhibitor of PFK1 and what function does it block

citrate
glycolysis

-citrate
( intermediate from TCA (acetyl CoA(citrate synthase)=citrate)
inhibits PFK1 at step 3

step 3
fructose 6 phosphate
-PKF-1
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

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How is step 10 of glycolysis stopped

High ATP or pyruvate inhibition at step 10

step 10
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
-pyruvate kinase
pyruvate +ATP

if you have ATP why do glycolysis

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glucagon is released when blood glucose is ____ from the ___

low

liver

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glucagon activates ___ which will inactive ____ which will stop the production of ___ which will stop____

PKA (pyruvate kinase A)

Pyruvate kinase L

pyruvate kinase L

pyruvate kinase from being used to change PEP into pyruvate in the 10th step of glycolysis

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how do you block TCA cycle step 3

aCIasSFMO

I (ID)to a
ATP blocks

how do you block TCA cycle step 4

aCIasSFMO

alpha (aKDc) to succinyl CoA
succinyl-CoA and NADH blocks

how do you block step 1 of TCA cycle

aCIasSFMO

acetyl coA(CS) to Citrate

NADH, succinyl-CoA, citrate, ATP all block

how to block pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

PDH (pyruvate (PDH)to Acetyl-CoA) (TPP, lipomide, FAD+ NAD+ CoA)

is blocked by ATP, acetyl-CoA, NADH and fatty acids

5 cofactors of PDH

pyruvate dehydrogenase
pyruvate (PDH)to Acetyl-CoA

TPP, lipomide, FAD+ NAD+ CoA

Acetyl CoA can be used to block ___ or start what process if the body does not need energy

PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase)
pyruvate (PDH)to Acetyl-CoA

gluconeogenesis
(creating glucose in the absence of glucose)

pyruvate (pyruvate carboxylase)=oxaloacetate

gluconeogenesis what steps are different (short hand)

opposite of glycolysis
GGFFDG132PEPP

PPEP231GDFFGG

P(PC)=O(PEPC)=PEP

F16B(F16B)=F6B

G6P(G6P)=Glucose

steps of glycolysis that make or use energy (short hand)

GGFFDG132PEPP

G(H)=G
uses ATP

F(PFK1)=(F)
uses ATP

G3P (GPD)=1
(NADH out)

1(PGK)=3
(ATP out)

PEP(PK)=P
(ATP out)

steps of glycolysis that make or use energy (full names)

GGFFDG132PEPP 1,3,6,7,10 glucose (hexokinase)=glucose 6 phosphate (uses ATP) G(H)=G fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1 phosphofructokinase )= fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (uses ATP) F(PFK1)=F glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase) = 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate makes NADH G(G3PD)=1 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate kinase)= 3-phosphoglycerate (makes ATP) 1(PGK)=3 phosphoenolpyruvate (pyruvate kinase)= pyruvate (makes ATP) PEP(PK)=P

gluconeogenesis what steps are different (long hand)

opposite of glycolysis GGFFDG132PEPP PPEP231GDFFGG enzymes used in first step, third to last and last P(PC)=O(PEPC)=PEP pyruvate(pyruvate carboxylase)=oxaloacetate(PEP carboxykinase)=Phosphoenolpyruvate F16B(F16B)=F6B fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase)=fructose 6 phosphate G6P(G6P)=Glucose glucose 6 phosphate (glucose 6 phosphatase)=glucose

important regulatory step of glycolysis

3rd step GGFFDG132PEPP fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1)=fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

the third step of glycolysis is regulated by ___ . This will inhibit ___ which will stop ____. What hormone controls this ___

F26BP FBPase-1 gluconeogenesis glucagon glucagon means glucose low, means glucose needs to be formed, means gluconeogenesis needs to be turned on fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1)=fructose 1,6 bisphosphate fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (FBPase-1)= fructose 6 phosphate

the third step of glycolysis is regulated by ___ . This will activate ___ which will start ____. What hormone controls this ___

F26BP PFK-1 glycolysis insulin insulin means glucose high, means glucose needs to be broken down, means glycolysis needs to be turned on fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1)=fructose 1,6 bisphosphate fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (FBPase-1)= fructose 6 phosphate

instead of going through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis fructose 6 phosphate can form ____. This is produced by fructose 6 phosphate (___)

F26BP will inhibit gluconeogenesis will activate glycolysis F6P (PFK2)

F26BP is regulated by ___ and ___ in the blood

insulin and glucagon F26BP is the side product of fructose 6 phosphate not going through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

cancers will increase ___ so that the cell will go through ___ by ___ PFK1

F26BP glycolysis activating PFK1

glucagon=low glucose. this stimulates the cell to do ____

insulin | gluconegoenesis

low insulin= low glucose. this stimulates ___ to be activates which produces PEPcarboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase which are need to do ____ or ____

transcription factor FOXO1 to be activated gluconeogenesis glycogen breakdown PEPcarboxykinase (used in step 1B of gluconeogenesis) glucose-6-phosphatates (used in last step of gluconeogenesis) (last step in glycogenolysis)

steps of glycogenolysis ___ to ____. happens in the ___

glycogen to glucose liver ``` glycogen (debranching) glucose-1 phosphate (phosphoglycomutase) glucose 6 phosphate (in muscle) (glucose 6 phosphatase) glucose(in liver) ```

steps of glycogenesis. process of going from ___ to ___ in the ___

glucose to glycogen liver(mostly) and muscles (a little) ``` glucose (hexokinase -in muscle) (glucokinase- in liver) glucose 6 phosphate (phosphoglucomutase) glucose 1 phosphate (UDP glucose pyrophosphatease) (isomerization) UDP glucose (glycogen synthase) (activation) alpha (1-4) glucosyl units (branching enzyme) (adding to the chain) glycogen ```

high insulin = ___ in blood. TF ___ will be broken down by ___ so that ___ does not happen

high glucose FOXO1 PFB gluconeogenesis

example of transcription regulation of glycolysis

FOXO1 +FOXO1= gluconeogenesis or glycogen breakdown (cell will make glucose) PEP carboxykinase glucose 6 phosphatase -FOXO1= (cell will stop making glucose and will store glucose)

FOXO1 regulated genes

PEP carboxykinase Glucose 6 phosphatase (used to make glucose, either by breaking down glycogen or by gluconeogenesis)

what can insulin do

high insulin = high glucose in blood insulin activates - GLUT4 (how glucose gets into cells) - hexokinase (enzyme used in glycolysis to go from glucose to glucose 6 phosphate) - glycogen synthase (enzyme used in glycogenesis to go from UDP-glucose to glycogen)