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21 fall: Biochem > lecture 16 > Flashcards

lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

high glucose goes to

A

+/- O2
PPP
NADPH
Riboses

-O2
glycolysis
-> +O2
TCA cycle

glycogen
energy storage

too much glucose stored as
fats

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2
Q

low glucose goes to

A

glycogen is broken down

gluconeogenosis

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3
Q

brain will use what type of energy

A

glucose

will use ketone bodies if needed

fatty acids can NOT be used

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4
Q

heart will use what type of energy

A

fatty acids
will use ketone bodies if dying
O2 to low will use glycolysis

does not really use glucose

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5
Q

Liver will use what type of energy

A

prefers fatty acids

will use glucose

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6
Q

muscle will use what type of energy

A

will use glucose from breakdown of glycogen in the short term

if O2 available will use glycolysis and oxidative metabolism in the long term

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7
Q

Kidney will use what type of energy

A

glucose/glycolysis used in medulla

fatty acids, ketone bodies and glucose used in cortex for high energy

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8
Q

three types of carb metabolism

A

allosteric -ATP, citrate
hormonal -glucagon
transcriptional

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9
Q

if we have ____, TCA will not happen. This is an example of ___ regulation

A

ATP, citrate, succinyl-CoA, NADH

allosteric

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10
Q

TCA steps where energy is created

A

ACIasSFMO
1, 4, 1

acetylCoA(CS)-Citrate (regulated)

isocitrate (ID)to a-ketogluterate makes NAHD

a-ketogluterate (aKDC) to succinylCoA
makes NAHD

succinyl CoA (sCoAS) to succinate
makes ATP

Succinate (SD)to fumarate
makes FADH2

Malate (MD)to oxaloacetate
makes NAHD

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11
Q

regulation of glycolysis at steps 1,3,10

A

GGFFDG1,3,2,PPP,P

step 1
glucose
-hexokinase
glucose-6-phosphate

step 3
fructose 6 phosphate
-PKF-1
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

step 10
phosphoenolpyruvate
-pyruvate kinase
pyruvate

-product inhibition at step 1

-citrate
( intermediate from TCA (acetyl CoA(citrate synthase)=citrate)
inhibits PFK1 at step 3

High ATP inhibition at step 10

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12
Q

how does product inhibition of step 1 of glycolysis work?

A

product inhibition-
if there is already too much glucose-6-phosphate the cell will not go through glycolysis

GGFFDG1,3,2,PEP,P
step 1
glucose
-hexokinase
glucose-6-phosphate
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13
Q

What is an inhibitor of PFK1 and what function does it block

A

citrate
glycolysis

-citrate
( intermediate from TCA (acetyl CoA(citrate synthase)=citrate)
inhibits PFK1 at step 3

step 3
fructose 6 phosphate
-PKF-1
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

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14
Q

How is step 10 of glycolysis stopped

A

High ATP or pyruvate inhibition at step 10

step 10
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
-pyruvate kinase
pyruvate +ATP

if you have ATP why do glycolysis

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15
Q

glucagon is released when blood glucose is ____ from the ___

A

low

liver

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16
Q

glucagon activates ___ which will inactive ____ which will stop the production of ___ which will stop____

A

PKA (pyruvate kinase A)

Pyruvate kinase L

pyruvate kinase L

pyruvate kinase from being used to change PEP into pyruvate in the 10th step of glycolysis

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17
Q

how do you block TCA cycle step 3

A

aCIasSFMO

I (ID)to a
ATP blocks

18
Q

how do you block TCA cycle step 4

A

aCIasSFMO

alpha (aKDc) to succinyl CoA
succinyl-CoA and NADH blocks

19
Q

how do you block step 1 of TCA cycle

A

aCIasSFMO

acetyl coA(CS) to Citrate

NADH, succinyl-CoA, citrate, ATP all block

20
Q

how to block pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

PDH (pyruvate (PDH)to Acetyl-CoA) (TPP, lipomide, FAD+ NAD+ CoA)

is blocked by ATP, acetyl-CoA, NADH and fatty acids

21
Q

5 cofactors of PDH

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase
pyruvate (PDH)to Acetyl-CoA

TPP, lipomide, FAD+ NAD+ CoA

22
Q

Acetyl CoA can be used to block ___ or start what process if the body does not need energy

A

PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase)
pyruvate (PDH)to Acetyl-CoA

gluconeogenesis
(creating glucose in the absence of glucose)

pyruvate (pyruvate carboxylase)=oxaloacetate

23
Q

gluconeogenesis what steps are different (short hand)

A

opposite of glycolysis
GGFFDG132PEPP

PPEP231GDFFGG

P(PC)=O(PEPC)=PEP

F16B(F16B)=F6B

G6P(G6P)=Glucose

24
Q

steps of glycolysis that make or use energy (short hand)

A

GGFFDG132PEPP

G(H)=G
uses ATP

F(PFK1)=(F)
uses ATP

G3P (GPD)=1
(NADH out)

1(PGK)=3
(ATP out)

PEP(PK)=P
(ATP out)

25
Q

steps of glycolysis that make or use energy (full names)

A

GGFFDG132PEPP
1,3,6,7,10

glucose (hexokinase)=glucose 6 phosphate
(uses ATP)
G(H)=G

fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1 phosphofructokinase )= fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
(uses ATP)
F(PFK1)=F

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
(glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase) = 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
makes NADH
G(G3PD)=1

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate kinase)= 3-phosphoglycerate
(makes ATP)
1(PGK)=3

phosphoenolpyruvate (pyruvate kinase)= pyruvate
(makes ATP)
PEP(PK)=P

26
Q

gluconeogenesis what steps are different (long hand)

A

opposite of glycolysis
GGFFDG132PEPP

PPEP231GDFFGG
enzymes used in first step, third to last and last

P(PC)=O(PEPC)=PEP
pyruvate(pyruvate carboxylase)=oxaloacetate(PEP carboxykinase)=Phosphoenolpyruvate

F16B(F16B)=F6B
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase)=fructose 6 phosphate

G6P(G6P)=Glucose
glucose 6 phosphate (glucose 6 phosphatase)=glucose

27
Q

important regulatory step of glycolysis

A

3rd step

GGFFDG132PEPP

fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1)=fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

28
Q

the third step of glycolysis is regulated by ___ . This will inhibit ___ which will stop ____. What hormone controls this ___

A

F26BP
FBPase-1
gluconeogenesis
glucagon

glucagon means glucose low, means glucose needs to be formed, means gluconeogenesis needs to be turned on

fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1)=fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (FBPase-1)= fructose 6 phosphate

29
Q

the third step of glycolysis is regulated by ___ . This will activate ___ which will start ____. What hormone controls this ___

A

F26BP
PFK-1
glycolysis
insulin

insulin means glucose high, means glucose needs to be broken down, means glycolysis needs to be turned on

fructose 6 phosphate (PFK1)=fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (FBPase-1)= fructose 6 phosphate

30
Q

instead of going through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis fructose 6 phosphate can form ____. This is produced by fructose 6 phosphate (___)

A

F26BP

will inhibit gluconeogenesis
will activate glycolysis

F6P (PFK2)

31
Q

F26BP is regulated by ___ and ___ in the blood

A

insulin and glucagon

F26BP is the side product of fructose 6 phosphate not going through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

32
Q

cancers will increase ___ so that the cell will go through ___ by ___ PFK1

A

F26BP

glycolysis

activating PFK1

33
Q

glucagon=low glucose. this stimulates the cell to do ____

A

insulin

gluconegoenesis

34
Q

low insulin= low glucose. this stimulates ___ to be activates which produces PEPcarboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase which are need to do ____ or ____

A

transcription factor FOXO1 to be activated

gluconeogenesis
glycogen breakdown

PEPcarboxykinase (used in step 1B of gluconeogenesis)

glucose-6-phosphatates (used in last step of gluconeogenesis) (last step in glycogenolysis)

35
Q

steps of glycogenolysis

___ to ____. happens in the ___

A

glycogen to glucose
liver

glycogen
(debranching)
glucose-1 phosphate
(phosphoglycomutase)
glucose 6 phosphate (in muscle)
(glucose 6 phosphatase)
glucose(in liver)
36
Q

steps of glycogenesis.

process of going from ___ to ___ in the ___

A

glucose to glycogen
liver(mostly) and muscles (a little)

glucose
  (hexokinase -in muscle)
  (glucokinase- in liver)
glucose 6 phosphate
  (phosphoglucomutase)
glucose 1 phosphate
  (UDP glucose pyrophosphatease) 
(isomerization)
UDP glucose
  (glycogen synthase) (activation)
alpha (1-4) glucosyl units
  (branching enzyme) (adding to the chain)
glycogen
37
Q

high insulin = ___ in blood.

TF ___ will be broken down by ___ so that ___ does not happen

A

high glucose
FOXO1
PFB
gluconeogenesis

38
Q

example of transcription regulation of glycolysis

A

FOXO1

+FOXO1= gluconeogenesis or glycogen breakdown (cell will make glucose)
PEP carboxykinase
glucose 6 phosphatase

-FOXO1= (cell will stop making glucose and will store glucose)

39
Q

FOXO1 regulated genes

A

PEP carboxykinase
Glucose 6 phosphatase

(used to make glucose, either by breaking down glycogen or by gluconeogenesis)

40
Q

what can insulin do

A

high insulin = high glucose in blood

insulin activates

  • GLUT4 (how glucose gets into cells)
  • hexokinase (enzyme used in glycolysis to go from glucose to glucose 6 phosphate)
  • glycogen synthase (enzyme used in glycogenesis to go from UDP-glucose to glycogen)

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

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