Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

21 fall: Biochem > test 3: 62 -63 > Flashcards

test 3: 62 -63 Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

two types of immunity

A

innate and adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

innate immunity happens ___ by action by ___

A

quickly

phagocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, complement cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

adaptive immunity happens ___ by action of ___

A

slowly

dedritic, T cells and B cells, Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

autoimmune diseases are usually caused by problems in the ___ immune system

A

adaptive (long term T and B cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

auto-inflammatory diseases are usually caused by problems in the ___ immune system

A

innate (fast acting- phagocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

FMF

A

familial mediterranean fever (type of auto- inflammatory disease caused by problem with the innate immune system.

persistent fever resistent to medications

similar to Familial Shar-Pei fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___ is a response of vascularized tissues to infection or damaged tissues.

A

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 types of inflammation

A

acute

chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acute ___ goal is protective response of vascularized tissue and neutralize & eliminate agents

A

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some things that can cause acute inflammation?

A

necrosis

bacteria/viruses

damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

___ (also called hypersensitivity ) are reactions in which the normally protective immune system damages the individual’s own tissues.

A

Immune reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

during inflammation blood vessels will ___

A

vasodilate (get bigger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What two cells are responsible for inflammation

A

neutrophils and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

steps of inflammation

A

vasodilation

increased permeability

endothelial cell activation: important for leukocyte recruitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

redness in inflammation is caused by ___

A

vasodilation of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vasodilation is induced by the chemical mediator ___

A

histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

during vasodilation what happens?

A

histamine triggers endothelial cells to contract allowing spaces for neutrophils to leave blood flow into tissues

this allows for increased vessel diameter and fluid loss

=slower blood flow and increased viscosity

STASIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

STASIS

A

engorgement of small blood vessels with slowly moving red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are some chemical mediators that help with endothelial cells contracting during acute inflammation response

A

histaime, bradykinin, leukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The vascular reactions of acute inflammation consist of changes in the ___ and the permeability of vessels, both designed to maximize the movement of plasma proteins and ___ out of the circulation and into the site of infection or injury.

A

flow of blood

leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

___ is the loss of fluid and increased vessel diameter lead to slower blood flow, concentration of red cells in small vessels, and increased viscosity of the blood.

A

STASIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

As stasis develops, blood leukocytes, principally neutrophils, accumulate along the vascular endothelium due to damaged tissues expression ___.

A

adhesion molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4 steps of leukocyte getting into tissue

A

rolling

integrin activation by chemokines

stable adhesion

migration through endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

leukocytes are slowed down in the blood stream by ___ binding to ___. This activation will cause endothelial cells in the vessel wall to ___

A

integrin on leukocyte

selectin in vessel wall

contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
\_\_\_ chemokine stimulates transmigration of leukocytes in between endothelial cells
PECAM1
26
leukocytes in tissue are attracted by ___ and then will \_\_\_
chemokines eat (phagocyos) microbes. Eating bad things will trigger the leukocyte to produce cytokines which tigger an even bigger inflammatory response
27
macrophages that have eaten a microbe will release ___ that triggers \_\_\_
cytokines inflammatory response
28
\_\_\_ is the movement along a chemical gradient
chemotaxis
29
chemotaxis is regulated by chemical mediators such as bacterial products, \_\_\_, complement system (C5a) and arachiodonic acid metabolies
cytokines (chemokines, IL-8)
30
cytokines (\_\_\_\_) from macrophages enhance expression of ___ on endothelial cells
TNF1, IL1 selectins (will grab and slow down leukocytes in blood so that it can be pulled out into issue that needs it)
31
TLR are \_\_\_
receptors that act as sensors that trigger inflammatory response
32
3 main events of chronic inflammation
inflammation and tissue injury attempts at repair immune response
33
causes of chronic inflammation
persistent infection autoimmunity (attacks itself) persistent exposure to chemicals
34
what cells are involved in chronic inflammation
T cell B cell macrophage plasma cells
35
chronic inflammation will cause ___ formation in the tissues
fibrosis
36
\_\_\_ development of fibrous connective tissue in response to injury
fibrosis
37
Tissue damage induces inflammation, and the amount of damage determines the type of inflammation (\_\_\_ vs chronic)
acute
38
•Some tissue damage requires immune responses that favor tissue repair & ___ to maintain organ function
fibrosis
39
•Damaged epithelial cells release specific cytokines (\_\_\_) that promote fibrosis
IL-25, IL-33, TSLP
40
•Autoimmunity: when inflammatory response is inappropriately targeted to __ tissues
host
41
•Allergies: host reacting ___ against harmless environmental substance
excessively
42
how to stop acute inflammation
**neutrophils** are short lived (hours), work and then die. **Produce stop signals** **macrophages:** switch in arachiodonic acid metabolite produced (from leukotrienes to lipoxins). produce **anti-inflammatory cytokines**. TGT-B, IL-10. Stop TNFa production
43
**To stop acute inflammation macrophages:** switch in arachiodonic acid metabolite produced (from ___ to lipoxins). produce **anti-inflammatory cytokines such as** \_\_\_. Stop TNFa production
leukotrienes TGT-B, IL-10
44
\_\_\_ is one of the first amines released during inflammation
histamine
45
histamine is stored as ___ in mast cells
granules
46
Histamine is released by cell ___ in response to stimuli
degradation
47
Histamine functions through ___ types of receptors
4 (H1-4)
48
cytokines come from ___ cells and act locally: endothelial activation and systemically: fever metabolic abnormalities, hypotension
macrophages, endothelial cells and mast cells
49
TNFalpha
Tumor Necrosis Factor cytokine which is a protein produced by produced by fibroblasts, neutrophils, epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells **mTNF** (inactive form) cleaved to active **(sTNF)** regulates growth, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, inflammatory response
50
TNFa can induce activation/inflammation or \_\_\_
apoptosis
51
TNFR1 can lead to apoptosis in the cell by \_\_
**death domain** TNFa binds to TNFR1 this recuits DISC proteins TRADD,FADD and TRAF2 activates caspase-8 and leads to apoptosis
52
TNFR2 leads to cell activation by \_\_\_
TNFa binds to TNFR2 recruits DISC protein: TRAF2 this binds to NIK (NF-KB) inducing kinase this activates TNFa gene transcription NK-KB global activator of inflammatory cytokines (IL6-IL8)
53
how to target TNFa
**infliximab** antibody to bind to TNFa protein and prevent it from binding to cells
54
feline infectious peritonitis is caused by \_\_\_
feline corona virus (FCoV)
55
feline infectious peritonitis
caused by Feline corona virus 10% two forms: wet and dry Risk factors: age, genetics, stress and viral dose
56
Treatment for FIP
**TNF alpha activity neutralizing antibody** causes apoptosis and **antiviral treatment GS4415524**
57
IL-1
cytokines IL-1 family has a bunch of members: IL-1a and IL-1b are most studied
58
**\_\_\_** acts locally (associates with plasma membrane of secreted cell). Widespread expression, even keratinocytes & endothelial cells
**IL-1a**
59
**\_\_\_** is secreted & circulates systemically. Produced by monocytes & macrophages
**IL-1B**
60
IL-1 can act on dendritic cells and stimulate
increased cytokine production, upregulation of MHC and co stimulatory molecules
61
IL-1 acts on macrophages to \_\_
increase cytokine production and phagocytosis
62
IL-1 acts on neutrophils to \_\_\_
increase survival, adhesion, oxidative burst and protease release
63
IL-1 receptors acts as herterodimer, you can try to prevent this with ___ and \_\_\_
antagonist (IL-1Ra) decoy receptor (IL-1R2)
64
Familial Mediterranean Fever
recurrent fever syndrome leukocytes- induced inflammation -caused by mis-sense mutation in CTD of MEFV gene that produces pyrin protein
65
pyrin regulates ___ assembly
inflammasome pyrin binds to ASC to prevent it from binding to pro-caspase 1 and causing inflammation and fever (pyrin is protein that goes wrong in Familiar Mediterranean Fever syndrome)
66
pyrin competes with ___ to bind to ASC in the inflammation pathway
procaspase 1
67
shar-pei dogs have ___ deposits in thickened skin
hyaluronic acid
68
hyaluronic acid found in folds of sharpei dogs can trigger ___ immune system to stimulate inflammation
innate
69
for hyaluronic acid, ___ is the rate limiting receptor
HAS2
70
in shar-pei, ___ receptor is over expressed in dermal fibroblasts
HAS2 → dog has more receptors more hyaluronic acid → inflammation response
71
the paper on Familial Shar-Pei Fever looked to find gene responsible by \_\_
looked for heterozygosity between shar-pei and other breeds **chromosome 13- showed duplication for the HAS2 gene** **paper did not observe a significant correlation between serum HA levels and copy number of shar-pei duplication** SNP(single nucleotide polymorphisms) associated with FSF also correlated with high selective pressure (homozygosity) at the HAS2 gene

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions