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21 fall: Biochem > Test 2: Lecture 42 and 43 > Flashcards

Test 2: Lecture 42 and 43 Flashcards

1
Q

movements of the cell

A

Actin cytoskeleton and motors

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2
Q

movements inside the cell

A

Microtubule cytoskeleton and motors

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3
Q

structural support

A

Intermediate filaments

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4
Q

three types of cytoskeletal fibers

A

actin filaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

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5
Q

actin filaments

A

Form stress fibers and cortical network of thin filaments in most cell types

Are the major component of muscle fibers

Mediate all types of motile and contractile behavior of cells

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6
Q

microtubules

A
  • A highly dynamic radial network of fibers
  • Mediate intracellular transport (vesicles move on microtubules)
  • Coordinate global cellular events, such as polarization and division
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7
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • A rigorous network of fibers that follows the microtubule cytoskeleton
  • Assist in cell shape maintenance and provide support for anchoring intracellular structures
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8
Q

___ coordinate global cellular events, such as polarization and division

A

microtubules

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9
Q

___ mediate all types of motile and contractile behavior of cells

A

actin filaments

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10
Q

___ assist in cell shape maintenance and provide support for anchoring intracellular structures

A

intermediate filaments

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11
Q

sizes of cytoskeletal fibers

A

actin: 7 nm

intermediate filaments: 10 nm (keratin)

microtubules: 20 nm (hollow tubes)

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12
Q

Actin has both generalized and ___ cellular roles

A

specialized

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13
Q

some roles of actin

A

Cell structure

Cytokinesis

Adhesion - keep epithelial cells toegther

Contractility - how cells divide

Cell motility - (fibroblast- actin moves/ walks cell)

Local organelle transport- act like railroad similar to microtubules

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14
Q

3 type of structures formed by actin in non muscle cells

A

stress fibers

cell cortex

filopodium

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15
Q

cell cortex of a fibroblast has ___

A

actin in random criss crossed directions

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16
Q

filopodium in fibroblast have actin in ___

A

tight parallel bundles

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17
Q

stress fibers in fibroblast have actin in ___

A

antiparallel contractile bundles

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18
Q

how does actin move cell

A

leading edge (lamellipodium)- actin polymerization extends plasma membrane

Myosin II contracts the back

little feet contain integrins

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19
Q

___ form muscle tissues in the
body (including striated
skeletal muscle,___ muscle, and
cardiac muscle)

A

myocytes

smooth

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20
Q

____ respond to nerve stimuli to produce mechanical force by contraction.

A

myocytes

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21
Q

what is special about cardiac muscle

A

striated

contract spontaneously by internal pacemaker

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22
Q

myocytes are the driving force for body movement and normal functioning of many organs, including ___, ___, and digestive system

A

heart

blood vessels

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23
Q

actin filaments

A

minus (pointed end/slow growing)

plus end (barbed end/ fast growing)

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24
Q

actin filaments interact with different actin-binding proteins to perform different functions such as ___

A
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25
actin attaches \_\_\_, errors in this leads to \_\_\_
the cell membrane and into the extracellular matrix metastasis of cancer cells (not held on tightly and break off and travel outside of tumor and infect other areas)
26
cells can change direction quickly by
breaking down and reforming actin in a new part of the cell
27
Dynamic changes in cellular actin allow cells to respond quickly to their environment, for example, during \_\_\_.
chemotaxis
28
Defects in cell adhesion and signaling can lead to \_\_\_\_
polycystic kidney disease
29
defects in actin structure can lead to \_\_\_
heart failure
30
Actin-based motility in bacterial \_\_\_
pathogenesis bacteria get comet tails that can use actin filaments inside cell to move around cell quickly
31
three formations of myosin
**muscle cells**: bunch of myosin wrapped around each other with heads on outside, tails in center **non muscle:** myosin tails attached to vesicle and walk down actin carrying vesicle small muscle formation, 4 instead of a bunch
32
myosin is a \_\_\_
mechanochemical ATPases used phosphorylation of ATP to ADP to create movement **Power stroke**
33
what is a power stroke
how myosin walks down actin Myosin converts ATP energy to produce power strokes along actin filaments ATP attached to myosin phosphorylated into ADP causes movement of myosin (walks down actin)
34
Actin form ___ in non-muscle cells and ___ in muscle cells
cortex and stress fibers myofibrils
35
actin mediate ___ and ___ by interacting with myosin motors
cell movement muscle contraction
36
\_\_\_ mediate cell adhesion
actin
37
actin mediate specialized types of local \_\_\_
organelle movement
38
actin form ___ during division in animal cells to separate two daughter cells
contractile ring
39
Microtubules mediate ___ transport
intracellular rail road inside cells in interphase cells- non dividing cells
40
4 common arrays of microtubules
41
in interphase cells microtubules grow from the \_\_\_
centrosome in a radial form
42
ciliated cells microtubule formation
43
dividing cells microtubule array
44
microtubules are made of \_\_
alpha and beta tubulin **hollow cylinders** polar, dynamic polymers plus and minus end 20-25 nm constant width but variable length plus end will gain length, while minus end will lose length
45
most minus ends of microtubules are anchored at the \_\_\_, will add subunits to the ___ end toward the ___ of the cell
centrosome (near center of cell) plus outside
46
minus end of microtubules are in the center of the cell? true or false
true minus end anchored at centrosome in center of cell plus ends at outer part of cell, grow outward
47
true or false. plus end of microtubules are in the center of a cell
false, negative end in the center, plus end on the outside
48
microtubules grow from the __ end to the __ end
minus plus
49
Microtubules mediate ___ over large distances
fast organelle transport
50
vesicle with bound ___ move from + to - end of microtubules
dynein
51
vesicle with bound ___ move from - to + end of microtubules
kinesin
52
During mitosis, microtubules reorganize to form ___ and segregate chromosomes into two daughter cells
mitotic spindle
53
microtubule drugs that favor depolymerized state
colchicine colcemid vinblastine vincristine **prevent microtubules from polymerizing and depolymerizing- stops dividing but also prevents movement of organelles, can be very toxic for cell**
54
microtubule drugs that favor polymerized state
taxol **prevent microtubules from depolymerizing stops dividing** **but still allows movement of organelles, less toxic**
55
some drugs use to treat aggressive cancers
microtubule drugs attach to depolymerized or polymerized state both stop cell from dividing, but drug that is attached to depolymerized state prevents organelles from moving which can be very toxic for cell
56
taxol
microtubule drug that favors polymerized state
57
two types of motors for microtubules
dynein kinesin
58
dynein
motor for microtubule always moved + to - (outside to inside of cell) Drives organelle transport, microtubule array formation and maintenance * Drives spindle movements during mitosis * Drives movement of cilia and flagella that can propel the movement of certain cell types
59
kinesin
motor of microtubules moves - to + (inside to outside of cell) (some can go opposite during mitosis) Drives **organelle transport** • Drives **spindle and chromosome movements** during mitosis
60
Kinesin and dynein have opposite ___ on microtubules
polarity
61
Microtubule motors, like myosin, move by converting ATP energy into \_\_\_
mechanical force
62
myosin
Motor on **actin** Drives **muscle contraction** Drives **local organelle movement** over short distances Drives cell motility together with actin polymerization
63
\_\_\_ are specialized non-centrosomal microtubule array that are driven by dynein to propel the movement of certain cells
Cilia and flagella:
64
how does dynein make cilia and flagella work
9 +2 formation of microtubules dynein holds two microtubules together, during power stroke the microtubules are stuck together, **bend** instead of move, the bending from side to side cause movement
65
immotile cilia syndrome
primary ciliary dyskinesia ## Footnote Caused by dynein mutation Diagnosed in humans, dogs, pigs, and cows. Phenotype: **all cilia are immotile** • Immotile sperm - **male infertility** • Immotile cilia in the respiratory tract – **respiratory disorders**
66
dynein mutation
Immotile Cilia Syndrome male infertility and respiratory disorders | (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia)
67
microtubules form ___ in interphase cells that support cell polarization and intracellular organelle transport
radial arrays
68
microtubules reorganize in mitosis to ___ equally to two daughter cells
segregate chromosomes
69
microtubules mediate ___ over long distances
rapid organelle transport
70
microtubules support the movement of cilia and \_\_\_
flagella
71
Microtubule motors ___ move along microtubules in opposite directions
kinesin and dynein
72
two types of intermediate filaments
cytoplasmic nuclear
73
types of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments
keratin vimentin and vimentin related neurofilaments
74
type of nuclear intermediate filaments
nuclear lamins envelope around nucleus
75
keratin is found in
epithelia
76
vimentin and vimentin related intermediate filaments are found in \_\_\_
connective tissue, muscle cells and neuroglial cells
77
nuclear lamins are intermediate filaments found in \_\_
all animal cells envelope around the nucleus
78
intermediate filaments can form __ structure
flexible rope like structures
79
Intermediate filaments support the structure of cells and tissues by
form sheets that stretch in between cells and keep them connected to each other
80
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
C ells that express **mutant keratins** rupture in response to mechanical stress. disorder of **intermediate filaments** **epidermis and dermis** detach from each other Diagnosed in both humans and dogs.

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

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