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21 fall: Biochem > Test 3: 58 > Flashcards

Test 3: 58 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what are the two main systems of control of the body

A

endocrine→ hormones
neurological

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2
Q

nervous system has a ___ signal path and a __ response time

A

discrete anatomic pathway

rapidd

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3
Q

endocrine has a __ signal path and a __ response time

A

dispersed (hormones can go anywhere)

slow (minutes to weeks)

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4
Q

endocrine system regulates

A

reproduction

growth and development

electrolyte, water and nutrient balance in blood

cellular metabolism and energy balance

immune defenses

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5
Q

endocrine glands

A
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6
Q

receptors for hormones are either :

A

extracellular or intracellular

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7
Q

specific ___ interactions will determine how strongly the target cell can respond to any given hormone

A

hormone receptor

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8
Q

3 ways to increase hormone response

A

level of hormone in blood

level of receptors on target cell

affinity of hormone-receptor interactions

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9
Q

up regulation of receptors will ___ a cell’s response

A

increase

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10
Q

amino acid derived hormones ___ pass membranes and require ___ receptors

A

cannot

extracellular

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11
Q

lipid/steroid hormones have ___ receptors and ___ move through membrane

A

intracellular

can pass

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12
Q

direct gene action of hormones

A

lipid- soluble(steroid) hormones can enter the cell and modify genetic activity directly without the need for 2nd messengers

once bound to intracellular receptors, binds to a specific region of DNA

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13
Q

steps of steroid hormone in cell

A

steroid hormone comes into cell

binds to receptor inside cell forming a receptor-hormone complex

this complex binds to DNA

DNA transcription to mRNA

mRNA made into a protein

protein changes activity within the cell

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14
Q

mechanism of cAMP pathway

A

hormone binds receptor on outside of cell

receptor binds to G protein

G protein activates adenylate cyclase

adenylate cyclase makes cAMP

cAMP activates protein kinases

protein kinase causes changes inside the cell

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15
Q

what is a hormone that uses cAMP as a second messenger

A

glucagon

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16
Q

how does cAMP regulates glycogenolysis

A

glucagon attaches to g protein receptor, which causes release of cAMP→ PKA

PKA will inhibit glycogen synthase (stop storage of glucose)

PKA will activate glycogen phosphorylase (tell cell to breakdown glycogen into usable glucose)

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17
Q

cAMP will help with the storage or breakdown of glucose

A

the breakdown

glucagon→ cAMP → PKA → breaks down glycogen → releases glucose

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18
Q

how cAMP regulates insulin ____ from pancreas

A

release

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19
Q

what are some hormones that use the secondary messenger IP3

A

catacholamines

TRH

ADH

LHRH
ocytocin

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20
Q

how does IP3 act as secondary messenger

A

amino-derived hormones bind to transmembrane receptor

triggers PIP→ IP3 → EF to release calcium

calcium acts as 3rd messanger

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21
Q

how do diseases cause hormonal signaling goes awry

A

excess hormones

activated/ down regulated receptors

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22
Q

3 types of endocrine gland stimuli

A

humoral stimulus (ions in blood will trigger endocrine tissue to release hormones)

neural stimulus (Nervous system will stimulate hormone release)

hormonal stimulus (endocrine tissue talks to other endocrine tissue)

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23
Q

what two hormones are released by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary? where in the pituitary?

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A

ADH and oxytocin

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

24
Q

two parts of the pituitary gland

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A

anterior (adenohypophysis) produces and secretes 6 hormones

posterior (neurohypophysis) stores and secretes 2 hormones

25
what are the 6 hormones made in the adenohypophysis
TSH LH/FSH ACTH GH PRL (prolactin)
26
hypothalamus makes what
ADH oxytoxin TRH (Thyrotropin RH) GnRH (gonadotropin RH) CRH (corticotropin RH) GHRH (somatocrinin and somatostatin)?? dopamine
27
pituitary gland makes what in the anterior pituitary
somatotrophs (GH) lactotrophs (Prolactin) thyrotrophs (TSH) gonadotrophs (LH and FSH) corticotrophs (POMC→ ACTH, MSH, B-lipotropin and B endorphin)
28
adenomas
pituitary tumors
29
pituitary tumors can be __ or \_\_
secretory (prolactinoma, acromegaly, cushing's) non secretory
30
prolactinoma
noncancerous tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland in your brain **overproduces the hormone prolactin** in breast. The major effect is **decreased levels of some sex hormones** — estrogen in women and testosterone in men.
31
prolactinoma causes a decrease in levels of what hormones in women and men
women : estrogen male: testosterone
32
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
33
oligomenorrhea
infrequent menstrual periods (fewer then 6 a year)
34
galactorrhea
milky discharge from non pregnant females
35
what are some symptoms of prolactinoma in females
amenorrhea (none or few periods) galactorrhea (milky discharge) infertility
36
what are some symptoms of prolactinoma in males
headaches visual impairment reduced sex drive ED lack of body and facial hair
37
treatment for prolactinoma
dopamine agonist therapy bromocriptine (parlodel) cabergoline (dostinex) or surgery
38
acromegaly
(giant) syndrome of bony and soft tissue overgrowth and insulin resistance due to excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion
39
acromegaly is due to excess of what hormone
growth hormone (GH)
40
\_\_\_ therapy is used to treat prolactinoma
dopamine agonist | (dopamine will stop prolactin)
41
acromegaly is usually caused by \_\_\_
pituitary adenoma (98%) can be from tumors in other parts causing release of growth hormones (breast cancer) or growth hormone releasing hormone (lung cancer)
42
symptoms of acromegaly
prognathism macroglossia (really big tounge) diabetes teeth issues ect.
43
acromegaly can happen in which animals? what are the clinical signs
dogs and cats more common in male cats teeth issue, diabetes, weight gain
44
growth hormone has an indirect action to cause the ___ to release \_\_\_
liver and other tissues ## Footnote **insulin like growth factors (IGFs)** **causes increase in cartilage and skeletal growth, cell growth and protein synthesis**
45
growth hormone direct effect
(metabolic, anti-insulin) increased fat breakdown and release increased blood glucose and other anti-insulin effects (diabetic)
46
how to diagnosis acromegaly
serum IGF-1 level elevated levels
47
treatment for acromegaly
antagonist to GH-R (pegvisomant) radiation therapy surgery to remove part of pituitary mortality high if not treated (slow progress)
48
cushing's disease
serious condition of an excess of the steroid hormone cortisol in the blood level caused by a pituitary tumor secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is a hormone produced by the normal pituitary gland.
49
\_\_\_ is an excess of the steroid hormone cortisol in the blood level caused by a pituitary tumor secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
cushing's
50
ACTH is a hormone produced by the \_\_\_.
pituitary gland
51
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas account for 70% of patients with \_\_\_
cushing's
52
what is the most common cause of cushing disease
related to medication glucocorticoids also commonly known as steroid or prednisone
53
how to diagnose cushing's disease
step 1: establish biochemical proof of cortisol excess step 2: localize source of hormone excess (pituitary, ectopic or adrenal gland) hard to diagnose, no good blood test **dexamethasone suppression test**
54
dexamethasone suppression test
The high-dose **dexamethasone** suppression **tests** help to distinguish patients with **Cushing's** disease (**Cushing's** syndrome caused by pituitary hypersecretion of corticotropin [ACTH]) from most patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome (**Cushing's** syndrome caused by nonpituitary ACTH-secreting tumors
55
cushings happen more in \_\_\_
males

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

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