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21 fall: Biochem > Test 3: 58 > Flashcards

Test 3: 58 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main systems of control of the body

A

endocrine→ hormones
neurological

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2
Q

nervous system has a ___ signal path and a __ response time

A

discrete anatomic pathway

rapidd

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3
Q

endocrine has a __ signal path and a __ response time

A

dispersed (hormones can go anywhere)

slow (minutes to weeks)

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4
Q

endocrine system regulates

A

reproduction

growth and development

electrolyte, water and nutrient balance in blood

cellular metabolism and energy balance

immune defenses

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5
Q

endocrine glands

A
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6
Q

receptors for hormones are either :

A

extracellular or intracellular

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7
Q

specific ___ interactions will determine how strongly the target cell can respond to any given hormone

A

hormone receptor

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8
Q

3 ways to increase hormone response

A

level of hormone in blood

level of receptors on target cell

affinity of hormone-receptor interactions

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9
Q

up regulation of receptors will ___ a cell’s response

A

increase

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10
Q

amino acid derived hormones ___ pass membranes and require ___ receptors

A

cannot

extracellular

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11
Q

lipid/steroid hormones have ___ receptors and ___ move through membrane

A

intracellular

can pass

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12
Q

direct gene action of hormones

A

lipid- soluble(steroid) hormones can enter the cell and modify genetic activity directly without the need for 2nd messengers

once bound to intracellular receptors, binds to a specific region of DNA

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13
Q

steps of steroid hormone in cell

A

steroid hormone comes into cell

binds to receptor inside cell forming a receptor-hormone complex

this complex binds to DNA

DNA transcription to mRNA

mRNA made into a protein

protein changes activity within the cell

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14
Q

mechanism of cAMP pathway

A

hormone binds receptor on outside of cell

receptor binds to G protein

G protein activates adenylate cyclase

adenylate cyclase makes cAMP

cAMP activates protein kinases

protein kinase causes changes inside the cell

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15
Q

what is a hormone that uses cAMP as a second messenger

A

glucagon

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16
Q

how does cAMP regulates glycogenolysis

A

glucagon attaches to g protein receptor, which causes release of cAMP→ PKA

PKA will inhibit glycogen synthase (stop storage of glucose)

PKA will activate glycogen phosphorylase (tell cell to breakdown glycogen into usable glucose)

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17
Q

cAMP will help with the storage or breakdown of glucose

A

the breakdown

glucagon→ cAMP → PKA → breaks down glycogen → releases glucose

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18
Q

how cAMP regulates insulin ____ from pancreas

A

release

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19
Q

what are some hormones that use the secondary messenger IP3

A

catacholamines

TRH

ADH

LHRH
ocytocin

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20
Q

how does IP3 act as secondary messenger

A

amino-derived hormones bind to transmembrane receptor

triggers PIP→ IP3 → EF to release calcium

calcium acts as 3rd messanger

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21
Q

how do diseases cause hormonal signaling goes awry

A

excess hormones

activated/ down regulated receptors

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22
Q

3 types of endocrine gland stimuli

A

humoral stimulus (ions in blood will trigger endocrine tissue to release hormones)

neural stimulus (Nervous system will stimulate hormone release)

hormonal stimulus (endocrine tissue talks to other endocrine tissue)

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23
Q

what two hormones are released by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary? where in the pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

24
Q

two parts of the pituitary gland

A

anterior (adenohypophysis) produces and secretes 6 hormones

posterior (neurohypophysis) stores and secretes 2 hormones

25
Q

what are the 6 hormones made in the adenohypophysis

A

TSH

LH/FSH

ACTH

GH

PRL (prolactin)

26
Q

hypothalamus makes what

A

ADH

oxytoxin

TRH (Thyrotropin RH)

GnRH (gonadotropin RH)

CRH (corticotropin RH)

GHRH (somatocrinin and somatostatin)??

dopamine

27
Q

pituitary gland makes what in the anterior pituitary

A

somatotrophs (GH)

lactotrophs (Prolactin)

thyrotrophs (TSH)

gonadotrophs (LH and FSH)

corticotrophs (POMC→ ACTH, MSH, B-lipotropin and B endorphin)

28
Q

adenomas

A

pituitary tumors

29
Q

pituitary tumors can be __ or __

A

secretory (prolactinoma, acromegaly, cushing’s)

non secretory

30
Q

prolactinoma

A

noncancerous tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland in your brain overproduces the hormone prolactin in breast. The major effect is decreased levels of some sex hormones — estrogen in women and testosterone in men.

31
Q

prolactinoma causes a decrease in levels of what hormones in women and men

A

women : estrogen

male: testosterone

32
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation

33
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

infrequent menstrual periods (fewer then 6 a year)

34
Q

galactorrhea

A

milky discharge from non pregnant females

35
Q

what are some symptoms of prolactinoma in females

A

amenorrhea (none or few periods)

galactorrhea (milky discharge)

infertility

36
Q

what are some symptoms of prolactinoma in males

A

headaches

visual impairment

reduced sex drive

ED

lack of body and facial hair

37
Q

treatment for prolactinoma

A

dopamine agonist therapy

bromocriptine (parlodel)

cabergoline (dostinex)

or

surgery

38
Q

acromegaly

A

(giant)

syndrome of bony and soft tissue overgrowth and insulin resistance due to excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion

39
Q

acromegaly is due to excess of what hormone

A

growth hormone (GH)

40
Q

___ therapy is used to treat prolactinoma

A

dopamine agonist

(dopamine will stop prolactin)

41
Q

acromegaly is usually caused by ___

A

pituitary adenoma (98%)

can be from tumors in other parts causing release of growth hormones (breast cancer) or growth hormone releasing hormone (lung cancer)

42
Q

symptoms of acromegaly

A

prognathism

macroglossia (really big tounge)

diabetes

teeth issues

ect.

43
Q

acromegaly can happen in which animals? what are the clinical signs

A

dogs and cats

more common in male cats

teeth issue, diabetes, weight gain

44
Q

growth hormone has an indirect action to cause the ___ to release ___

A

liver and other tissues

insulin like growth factors (IGFs)

causes increase in cartilage and skeletal growth, cell growth and protein synthesis

45
Q

growth hormone direct effect

A

(metabolic, anti-insulin)

increased fat breakdown and release

increased blood glucose and other anti-insulin effects

(diabetic)

46
Q

how to diagnosis acromegaly

A

serum IGF-1 level

elevated levels

47
Q

treatment for acromegaly

A

antagonist to GH-R (pegvisomant)

radiation therapy

surgery to remove part of pituitary

mortality high if not treated (slow progress)

48
Q

cushing’s disease

A

serious condition of an excess of the steroid hormone cortisol in the blood level caused by a pituitary tumor secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is a hormone produced by the normal pituitary gland.

49
Q

___ is an excess of the steroid hormone cortisol in the blood level caused by a pituitary tumor secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

A

cushing’s

50
Q

ACTH is a hormone produced by the ___.

A

pituitary gland

51
Q

ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas account for 70% of patients with ___

A

cushing’s

52
Q

what is the most common cause of cushing disease

A

related to medication glucocorticoids also commonly known as steroid or prednisone

53
Q

how to diagnose cushing’s disease

A

step 1: establish biochemical proof of cortisol excess

step 2: localize source of hormone excess (pituitary, ectopic or adrenal gland)

hard to diagnose, no good blood test

dexamethasone suppression test

54
Q

dexamethasone suppression test

A

The high-dose dexamethasone suppression tests help to distinguish patients with Cushing’s disease (Cushing’s syndrome caused by pituitary hypersecretion of corticotropin [ACTH]) from most patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome (Cushing’s syndrome caused by nonpituitary ACTH-secreting tumors

55
Q

cushings happen more in ___

A

males

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

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