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21 fall: Biochem > lecture 14 > Flashcards

lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

biochemical reactions for the breakdown and synthesis of carbs, lipids and amino acids

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2
Q

glycogenosis

A

glucose storing disorder

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3
Q

carbs are stored as

A

starch and gylcogen

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4
Q

excess carbs converted to

A

fat

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5
Q

salivary a amylase

A

found in mouth, starts breakdown but not for long

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6
Q

pancreatic a amylase

A

breaks disaccharides into

maltose, sucrose and lactose

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7
Q

maltase

A

breaks down maltose into glucose, fructose and galactose

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8
Q

sucrase

A

breaks down sucrose into glucose, fructose and galactose

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9
Q

lactase

A

breaks down lactose into glucose, fructose and galactose

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10
Q

lactose intolerance is caused by deficiency of

A

lactase

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11
Q

path of carbs

A

glucose in intestine
-liver to be stored as glycogen or continues as glucose
-glucose can be converted to fat
-can go to muscles to produce CO2 and glycogen
-can go to kidney to produce CO2
can do to brain to produce C)2

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12
Q

glucose

A

major carb
major fuel
can be stored as glycogen
can be used to form glycoproteins and proteoglycan

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13
Q

glycolysis

A

happens in cytoplasm
does NOT require oxygen
requires NAD+

breakdown of glucose to produce 2(ATP +NADH+ Pyruvate)

goes on to continue other pathways

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14
Q

hexose monophosphate shunt

A

glucose
NADPH, ribose 5’ phosphate and others

(use glucose for building blocks)

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15
Q

glycogen synthesis

A

glucose gets stored as energy in liver and muscles

when excessive amounts of glucose

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16
Q

pyruvate

A

product of glycolysis (breakdown of glucose)

pyruvate into Acetyl CoA
(Acetyl CoA can also be used for ketone body production and fatty acid synthesis)

Acetyl CoA
moves to mitochondria
starts TCA cycle
produces energy and CO2

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17
Q

TCA cycle general:

A

occurs in mitochondria
high energy yield
needs O2

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18
Q

glycolysis 2 main stages

A

stage 1 preparatory phase
-use ATP

stage 2 pay off phase
-get ATP

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19
Q

glycolysis 10 steps

A
  1. D-glucose
    -hexokinase (irreversible step)
    (ATP in ADP + H out)
  2. glucose 6- phosphate
    -phosphoglucose isomerase (forward or backwards step)
  3. fructose 6-phosphate
    -phosphofructokinase (PFK1)(irreversible step)
    (ATP in ADP + H out)
  4. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
    -adolase
    (splits can create 5 or 6)
  5. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
    -triose phosphate isomerase

and/or

***6.
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
-glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase
(Pi+NAD+ in NADH +H out)

*** 7.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
(ADP +H in and ATP out)
-phosphoglycerate kinase

  1. 3-phosphoglycerate
  2. 2-phosphoglycerate
    (water out)
**10. 
phosphoenolpyruvate
(ADP + H in ATP out)
-pyruvate kinase
(irreversible step)

Pyruvate

glucose + 2ATP + 2 NAD+ +4ADP + 2 Pi= 2 pyruvate+2 ADP +2NADH +2H + 4ATP + 2H20

net gain=2 ATP

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20
Q

glycolysis net gain

A

glucose + 2ATP + 2 NAD+ +4ADP + 2 Pi= 2 pyruvate+2 ADP +2NADH +2H + 4ATP + 2H20

net gain=2 ATP

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21
Q

which steps of glycolysis are (irreversible step)

A
  1. d-glucose
    -hexokinase
    (ATP in ADP out)
    glucose 6- phosphate

(g (H)(+ATP)= g6p + ADP

  1. fructose 6- phosphate
    -phosphofructokinase (PFK1)
    (ATP in ADP out)
    fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

F6P (PFK1)+ATP = F16B + ADP

  1. phosphoenolpyruvate
    (ADP + H in ATP out)
    -pyruvate kinase
    Pyruvate

PPP (PK) +ADP=pyruvate +ATP

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22
Q

what is commitment step of glycolysis

A
  1. fructose 6- phosphate
    -phosphofructokinase (PFK1)
    (ATP in ADP out)
    fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

F6P (PFK1) +ATP = F16B +ADP

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23
Q

why do you get two pyruvate from one glucose

A

step 4.
fructose 1,6-biphosphate
-adolase

can create both 5 and 6
dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate

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24
Q

galactose can enter glycolysis by converting to

A

glucose-6 phosphate

step2 of glycolysis

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25
fructose can enter glycolysis by converting to
dihydroxyacetone-phosphate | step 5 of glycolysis
26
pyruvate can go to three things
fermentation to ethanol in yeast (hypoxic or anaerobic conditions) 2 pyruvate= 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 ``` aerobic conditions loses 2CO2 become 2 Acetyl- CoA goes through TCA cyle =4CO2 + 4H20 ``` fermentation to lactate (hypoxic or anaerobic conditions- in muscle, some red blood cells ect.) 2 pyruvate= 2 lactate
27
glycolysis produces
2 pyruvate+2NADH + 2ATP
28
the NADH produced by glycolysis goes to either
reducing agent in biochemical reaction helps TCA cycle
29
pyruvate is converted to lactate by
LDH lactate dehydrogenase
30
pyruvate is broken down into Acetyl CoA by
pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) irreversible step occurs in mitochondria pyruvate + NAD+ +HS CoA -pyruvate dehydrogenase = Acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2
31
Acetyl CoA can go
into TCA cycle or into lipid synthesis
32
___ is coupled to reduction of NAD+ to NADH
oxidative decarboxylation
33
conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is regulated by
glucagon and insulin
34
what are the five cofactors needed to convert Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
TPP, lipoamide, FAD+, NAD+ and CoA | these help pyruvate dehydrogenase pyruvate to acetyl Coa
35
TPP
thiamine pyrophosphate | one of the cofactors needed to make acetyl CoA from Pyruvate
36
PDH
pyruvate dehydrogenase | enzyme used to change pyruvate to acetyl CoA
37
explain PDH
pyruvate dehydrogenase TPP gives acetate to lipoamide, FAD is reduced and lipoamide gives it to the SH of CoA. FAD is then oxidized back in a reaction of NAD+ to NADH
38
arsenite poisoning
happens by contaminated drinking water arsenite inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by inactivating one of the cofactors (lipoamide) symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, organs of body are affected (lungs, skin , kidneys and liver), thickening of skin, metallic taste in mouth
39
pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency diseases
autosomal and X lined mutations autoimmune disease- circulating antibodies to PDH thiamine/vit B1 deficiency: Beriberi lipoamide deficiency, arsenic and heavy metal poisoning
40
what is beriberi
thiamine deficiency which leads to inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase- (prevents pyruvate to Acetyl CoA) caused by: poor diet, raw fish symptoms: gait problem, ataxia, anorexia and stress treatment: thiamine supplementation and good diet
41
TCA cycle
ACIasSFMO 1. acetyl-CoA (H20 in CoA-SH out) -citrate synthase 2 and 3 Citrate -aconitase (two steps) (H20 out then H20 in) 4: Isocitrate - isocitrate dehydrogenase (CO2 out and NADH out) 5. a-ketoglutarate -a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (CoA-SH in CO2 and NADH out) 6. succinyl CoA -succinyl CoA synthetase (GDP + ADP + P = GTP+ ATP + CoA-SH) 7. succinate (FADH2 out) -succinate dehydrogenase 8. Fumarate -fumarase (H20 in) 9. malate - malate dehydrogenase (NADH out) 10. oxaloacetate
42
citrate to isocitrate
step 2 and 3 of TCA dehydration and rehydration -aconitase
43
isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate
step 4 of TCA cyle oxidative decarboxylation produces CO2 and NADH -isocitrate dehydrogenase
44
a-ketoglutarate to succinyl Co A
step 5 of TCA cycle ACIasSFMO oxidative decarboxylation (CoA-SH in CO2 and NADH out) --a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
45
succinyl Co A to succinate
step 6 of TCA cycle ACIasSFMO substrate level phosphorylation -succinyl CoA synthetase (GDP + ADP + P = GTP+ ATP + CoA-SH)
46
succinate to fumarate
step 7 of TCA cycle ACIasSFMO -succinate dehydrogenase (FADH2 out)
47
fumarate to malate
step 8 of TCA cycle ACIasSFMO -fumarase (H20 in)
48
malate to oxaloacetate
step 9 of TCA cycle ACIasSFMO - malate dehydrogenase (NADH out)
49
oxaloacetate to citrate
step 10/1 of TCA cycle ACIasSFMO -citrate synthase (acetyl CoA + H20 in CoA-SH out)
50
simplified glycolysis 10 steps
1. Glucose (H) (ATP in) 2. G6P (PI) 3. F6P (PRK1) (ATP in) 4. F16B (A) = DP or G3P 5. DP (TPI) =G3P 6. G3P(G3PD) (Pi NAD+ in NADH out) 7. 13B (PGK)(ADP +H in ATP out) 8. 3P 9. 2P (water out) 10. PPP (ADP +H in ATP out) (PK) 11. Pyruvate
51
1 st step glycolysis
1. Glucose (H) (ATP in) 2. G6P glucose -hexokinase ATP in ADP + H out glucose 6- phosphate
52
3rd step glycolysis
3. F6P (PRK1) (ATP in) 4. F16B fructose 6 phosphate -phosphofructokinase (ATP in ADP H out) fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
53
steps of glycolysis that produce ATP
7. 13B (PGK) (ADP +H in ATP out) 8. 3P 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (ADP +H in and ATP out) = 3-phosphoglycerate 10. PPP (ADP +H in ATP out)(PK) 11. Pyruvate phosphoenolypyruvate -pyruvate kinase ADP + H in ATP out pyruvate
54
steps of glycolysis that produce NADH
6. G3P(G3PD) (Pi NAD+ in NADH out) | 7. 13B
55
glucose can go to three things
glycolysis hexose monophosphate shunt glycogen synthesis
56
tumors like to do ___ even if __ is present
glycolysis O2
57
hexokinase
enzyme in glycolysis step 1 glucose to g6p uses ATP
58
phosphofructokinase
(PFK1) enzyme in glycolysis F6P to F16B uses ATP
59
pyruvate kinase
enzyme in glycolysis PEP to pyruvate gain ATP
60
enzyme from pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
pyruvate dehydrogenase
61
inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase
arsenic | prevents pyruvate to acetyl CoA
62
important steps of TCA that produce NADH
ACIasSFMO I(ID) =+NADH +aK aK(aKDC) =+NADH+ sCoA M(MD) = +NADH + O isocitrate -isocitrate dehydrogenase aKetoglutarate aKetoglutarate -aKetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex succcinylCoA malate malate dehydrogenase oxaloacetate
63
step of TCA when FADH2 is released
ACIasSFMO S(SD)=F succinate -succinate dehydrogenase (FADH2 out) fumarate
64
step of TCA that produces ATP and GTP
ACIasSFMO succinyl-CoA -succinylCoA synthetase succinate
65
one glucose gets ___ ATP
30

21 fall: Biochem (44 decks)

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