Toxicology I

Question 1

what is the primary determinant of toxicity?

Answer 1

dose

Question 2

what is the secondary determinant of toxicity?

Answer 2

time present in body

Question 3

definition: LD50

Answer 3

dose at which 50% of test animals die / 50% of people have toxicity

Question 4

a poison typically has what LD value?

Answer 4

less than or equal to 50 mg / kg body weight

Question 5

definition: therapeutic index

how is it interpreted?

Answer 5

LD50 / ED50

the larger the number, the safer the drug

Question 6

what are two general antidotes that can be given to treat unconscious patients upon presentation at the hospital?

Answer 6

glucose

naloxone

Question 7

what are toxidromes? what is their use?

Answer 7

known toxicology standards

used to compare drug or chemical response

Question 8

which lab test can be performed in under 2 hours for drug identification?

Answer 8

urine

Question 9

what are the urine drug tests?

Answer 9

immunoassay

TLC

Question 10

what are the urine/blood tests for quantitative drug identification?

Answer 10

HPLC

GCMS

Question 11

what are the emesis inducer agents?

Answer 11

apomorphine

ipecac

Question 12

activated charcoal should be administered within what time frame?

Answer 12

30 minutes

Question 13

what is the clinical use for pralidoxime?

Answer 13

organophosphate poisoning

Question 14

what agent is used as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning?

Answer 14

pralidoxime

Question 15

pralidoxime is usually coadministered with what other agent?

Answer 15

atropine

Question 16

what are the chelation antidotes?

Answer 16

pralidoxime

amyl nitrite

Question 17

what is the antidote therapy for cyanide poisoning?

Answer 17

amyl nitrite
sodium nitrite
sodium thiosulfate with O2

Question 18

what is the clinical use for amyl nitrite?

Answer 18

cyanide poisoning

Question 19

what is the treatment for botulism toxin poisoning?

Answer 19

trivalent antitoxin

Question 20

what is the treatment for heavy metal poisoning?

Answer 20

chelation

Question 21

what is BAL? what is it used for?

Answer 21

british anti-lewisite, demercaprol

chelation therapy for heavy metal poisoning

Question 22

what chemical moiety is usually present in heavy metal chelators?

Answer 22

disulfide bridges

Question 23

what is the therapeutic use for DMSA?

Answer 23

treatment of arsenic, mercury, lead poisoning

Question 24

what agent is used for treatment of arsenic, mercury, lead poisoning?

Answer 24

DMSA

Question 25

what is the therapeutic use for trivalent antitoxin?

Answer 25

botulism A, B, E

Question 26

what is the order of administration for antidotes in cyanide poisoning?

Answer 26

amyl nitrite sodium nitrite sodium thiosulfate

Question 27

methanol is converted into formaldehyde and formic acid by what enzyme?

Answer 27

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 28

alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes what reaction?

Answer 28

alcohol (ethanol / methanol) to acetaldehyde

Question 29

what drugs can be used to treat methanol poisoning?

Answer 29

ethanol

Question 30

fomepizole blocks what enzyme? what is the result?

Answer 30

alcohol dehydrogenase prevents production of toxic metabolites

Question 31

what is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?

Answer 31

artificial respiration with pure O2 to promote displacement of CO, hyperbaric oxygen chamber if symptomatic

Question 32

cherry red lips / gums are indicative of toxicity of what substance?

Answer 32

CO

Question 33

what is the main physical symptomology of CO poisoning?

Answer 33

cherry red lips / gums