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microbiology > unit 13 > Flashcards

unit 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal flora of digestive tract

A
  • few microbes in small intestines/stomach
  • flatus: intestinal gas
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2
Q

microbes in mouth

A

streptococcus salivarus
S mutans
Lactobacillus
Candidas albicans

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3
Q

microbes in large intestines

A

E.coli
Enterobacter
lactobacillus sp.
Candida albicans

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4
Q

Dental caries or cavities (bacterial disease of mouth)

A

-tooth decay
- softening of the enamal/dentin
-sugar -> lactic acid (breaks down ca)
-due to streptococcus mutans/ lactobacillus sp.

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5
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

-disease causing inflammation of the stomach / intestinal mucosa
- most contracted through contaiminated water/food
- diarrhea/ vomitting = defense mechanisms

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6
Q

Infections

A

-pathogens -> gi tract and multiplies
- can penetrate intestinal mucous/ pass to organs
- incubation = 12 hrs-> 2 weeks
-causes fever
- treatment = rehydration/ antibiotics
- typhoid fever = example

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7
Q

Intoxications

A

ingestion of preformed toxins
-very sudden/ upsets gi in hours
- incubation 1-48 hrs
- no fever
- treatment = only rehydration (antibiotics dont work)

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8
Q

Staphlyococcal aureus

A
  • intoxication
  • disease = nasal passages -> hand -> food
    = food stored in room temp: enterotoxin produced
  • incubation = 1-6 hrs
  • treatment = rehydration
  • resistant to osmotic pressure
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9
Q

Salmonellosis

A
  • salmonella sp.
  • causes gastroenteritis
  • incubation = 12-36 hrs
  • consumption of poultry/ raw eggs
  • prevention = cook throughly/ no cross contamination
  • treatment = rehydration
  • 90% of reptiles carry the microbe
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10
Q

Typhoid fever

A

-salmonella typhi
- very invasive/ rids body of phagocytic cells
- disease in 1st week = high fever
-disease in 2nd/3rd week = diarrhea
- only found in humans
- transmission = fecal-oral / food / contaminated water
- incubation = 2->3 weeks

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11
Q

what is treatment for typhoid fever

A

cephalosporins

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12
Q

Why is typhoid fever prevelent

A
  • how we raise chickens
  • closer quarter chicken cages
  • dont go outside (chickens)
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13
Q

Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)

A

-shigella sp. (gram -)
- blood/ mucous in stools
- 20 bowel movements a day
- intoxication and infection
- treatment = rehydration and antibiotics
- stomach acid does not affect shigella
-a traveller’s disease

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14
Q

Cholera

A

-vibrio cholera
- exotoxin produced
- rice water stool
- blood become viscous
-violent vomitting
-most serious gi disease
-endemic to asia/india
-halophile
-associated with natural disasters

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15
Q

Diagnosis for cholera

A

rice water stools

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16
Q

Treatment for cholera

A

tetracycline / rehydration

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17
Q

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A

-halophile
- uncooked/contaminated shellfish
-treatment = antibiotics/ rehydration
- found in costal waters of US
-low mortality

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18
Q

E.coli gastroenteritis

A
  • normal inhabitant of gi tract (part of normal flora)
  • some strains = pathogenic
  • traveler’s diarrhea
  • found in raw meat , lettuce, spinach, tomatoes
  • pathogenic strains -> endotoxin
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19
Q

Camplyobacter gastroenteritis

A
  • camypylobacter jejuni
  • inhabits intestinal tract
  • poultry products
  • leading cause of diarrhea in US
  • causes infection
  • recovery in 1 week (or longer)
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20
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A
  • gram + anaerobic endospores
  • enterotoxins
  • incubation = 12 hrs
  • most cases mild
  • meat/stew contaminated
    -causes gas gangrene
  • associated with instituitional cooking
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21
Q

Clostridium difficles- associated diarrhea

A
  • gram positive rod (anaerobic / endospores)
    -enterotoxins
  • nocosomial disease
  • symptoms = mild diarrhea / life threatening colitis
  • associated with extended antibiotic use
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22
Q

Diagnosis for c. diff

A

detection of toxins in stools

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23
Q

Treatment for c.diff

A

rehydration
metronidazole
fecal transplant
stop precipitating antibiotic

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24
Q

Viral disease of digestive system

A

mumps
all hepatitis
Rotavirus (viral gastroenterisits)
Norovirus or Norwalk (viral gastroenteritis)

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25
Mumps (paramyxovirus)
-inflammation of parotid glands - viremia - transmission = RT - incubation= 16 -> 18 days - vaccine = MMR - fever/ swelling of parotids
26
Hep A
- HAV or infectious hepatitis - transmission = fecal- oral / contaminated water and food - incubation = 2-> 6 weeks - recovery = 4-> 6 weeks - uncooked/ contaminated shellfish - carriers are rare / no chronic form
27
Treatment for Hep A
vaccine as preventative gamma/ immune globlin if exposed
28
Diagnosis for Hep A
Detection of IgM anti-Hav
29
Hep B
-HBV or serum hepatitis - transmission = blood/blood products , contaminated syringes , saliva , sweat , semen (STDs) - incubation 4-> 26 weeks - symptoms similar to Hep A - can lead to sever liver damage
30
diagnosis for Hep B
serum for antibody to HBs AG
31
treatment for Hep B
vaccination part of childhood
32
Hep C (HCV)
- Non Hep A / Non Hep B -instant killer / triggers immune response - NO VACCINE - transmission = blood, IV drug use, Possible STD -leading cause of liver transplants in US
33
Treatment for Hep C
- interferon - ribavirin
34
Diagnosis for Hep C
Blood tested for HCV antibodies
35
Hep D (delta)
- co- infection with Hep B - transmission = blood - most virulent of all hepatitis types - HBV vaccine is protective
36
Hep E
- endemic in asia/india - similar to HAV - fecal-oral = transmission
37
Rotavirus (viral gastoenterisits)
- common in small children - vaccine = 2, 4 ,6 moa - treatment = rehydration - 5->8 day infection (low grade fever/ diarrhea and vomitting)
38
Diagnosis for rotavirus
Viral antigens in feces
39
Norovirus or Norwalk virus (viral gastroenteritis)
- can live on environmental surfaces for up to 3 weeks - tranmission = fecal-oral - incubation = 12->48 hrs - treatment = rehydration -milder symptoms than rotavirus
40
giardiasis (protozoa)
found in GI tract/ fecal matter of grassland mammals attacks intestinal walls of GI tract -affects food absorption life cycle stages = cysts/ trophozoite has no mitochondria stomach acids do not destroy cysts -waterbourne diarrhea epidemic -causes prolonged diarrhea
41
is Giardia lamblia resistant to chlorine
true
42
How can Giardiasis be prevented
boiling/filtering water
43
Mode of infection for Giardiasis
-contaminated water / food - hand to hand -fecal / oral
44
lab diagnosis for Giardiasis
stool sample / O& P ( need 3 samples)
45
why are 3 samples of O &P needed for Giardiasis
because protozoa do not suddenly reproduce false positive could occur
46
Treatment for Giardiasis
metronidiazole
47
Balantidiasis (protozoa)
only pathogenic cillilated protzoa causes sever dysentery mode of infection = fecal/ oral
48
Amoebiasis (protozoa)
caused by entamoeba histolytica -affects GI tract - only pathogenic in humans -primary foods = rbc’s / intestinal tract tissue -causes loose stool/ diarrhea - stomach acid does not destroy cysts
49
What causes transmission for amoebic dysentery
house flys that pick microbes from fecal matter
50
Why can entamoeba histolytica live outside of host
due to cysts
51
what is entamoeba histolytica not resitant to
chlorine
52
what is the life cycle for entamoeba histolytica
trophozoite / cysts stages
53
Mode of infection for amoebic dysentery
contaminated water human contact/ food contact mechanical vectors vegetables fertilized with human manure
54
Lab diagnosis for amoebic dysentery
stool sample / serology test
55
Metronidiazole / Iodoquinol
treatment for amoebic dysentery
56
TInea saginata (beef tapeworm)
worldwide (common in US) adult worm can live in human intestine for 25 years / reach 18 ft long -mode of entry = ingestion of uncooked beef / hand -> hand / ingestion of uncooked eggs
57
Symptoms of Taenia saginata
-seldom causes symtpoms - can cause abdominal / pyschological distress
58
lab diagnosis for Taenia saginata
stool sample O/P
59
Niclosamide (deworming medication)
treatment for Taenia saginata
60
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
worldwide / non existent in hogs raised in US mode of entry = ingestion of uncooked pork / hand -> hand lifecycle / diagnosis / treatment / symptoms same as beef tapeworm
61
Pin worm (enterbius vermicularis)
most prevalent worm infection in US / worldwide need both male/ female reproductive organs found in large intestine symptoms = itchy anus , trouble sleeping , restlessness
62
mode of entry for pinworms
ngestion of eggs -contaminated clothes/ sharing clothes bedsheets
63
Treatment for pinworms
mebendazole
64
lab diagnosis for pinworms
scotch tape method
65
Hook worm ( necator americanus )
worldwide / in US warm / moist climates mode of entry = skin penetration -life cycle = eggs in poop / larvae hatc in soil feeds on blood/ tissues -attaches to small intestines
66
treatment for hookworm
mebendazole
67
Mode of entry for hookworm
skin penetration
68
Aflatoxin
found on peanuts/corn crops -dangerous to humans/animals -carcinogenic/ liver damage
69
Aspergillus produces what
aflatoxin
70
Ergot poisoning
found on grain crops (wheat crops) restricts blood flow causes hallucinogenic symptoms similar to LSD
71
Claviceps Purpurea is causes what
ergot poisoning

microbiology (15 decks)

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