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microbiology > unit 7 > Flashcards

unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Milk

A
  • sterile when in the udders
  • found in mammary glands
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2
Q

Cheese

A
  • seperate whey (liquid) from protein curd ( casein)
  • requires rennin enzyme under low pH
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3
Q

S. lactis and S. cremoris are microbes that produce what in cheese

A

lactic acid

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4
Q

How is various types of cheese created

A

By innoculating different microbes along with the standard S.lactis and S.cremoris

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5
Q

How is cheese classified by?

A

Hardness which is determined by moisture

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6
Q

More water in cheese makes what kind of cheese consistency

A

soft cheese

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7
Q

Less water in cheese makes what kind of cheese consistency

A

hard cheese

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8
Q

What is needed to separate whey from protein curd

A
  • rennin needs low pH
    -lowering pH
  • S. lactis and S. cremoris
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9
Q

Blue cheese uses what microbes

A

S. lactis S. cremoris and Penicillium

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10
Q

propionbacteria makes what kind of cheese

A

swiss cheese

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11
Q

what makes Camembert and Roquefort cheese

A

Molds

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12
Q

Butter - fat globules

A
  • requires S. lactis and S. cremoris
  • has to work under low pH
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13
Q

What does Leuconstoc sp. produce in butter

A

Diacetyls

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14
Q

What does Diacetyls do for butter?

A

Gives butter its flavor

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15
Q

Buttermilk

A
  • like butter but uses skim milk/ microbe
  • not a by-product of butter
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16
Q

What does skim milk do to butter in skim milk

A

removes the fat globules from butter

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17
Q

Yogurt

A

low fat evaporated milk

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18
Q

Lactobacillus and S. thermophillus make what

A

yogurt

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19
Q

Kefir and Kumiss

A
  • milk fermented with yeast
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20
Q

Bread

A
  • made with yeast
  • CO2 (carbon dioxide makes bread rise)
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21
Q

What evaporates when baking bread

A

ethanol

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22
Q

Sauerkrat, pickles and Olives

A
  • made with leuconstoc and lactobacillus
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23
Q

Where is leuconstoc and lactobacillus found in sauerkrat?

A

leaves

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24
Q

Salt inhibits what in Sauerkrat, and pickles?

A

Non- Halophiles

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25
Soy sauce
- fermented with molds - made with aspergillus oryzae
26
What microbe makes soy sauce
Aspergillus oryzae
27
Ciders
- made with apples which have sugars and yeasts
28
Vinegar
- acetobacter and gluconobacter - made from cider/wine - converts ethanol -> acetic acid
29
what microbes are in vinegar
acetobacter and gluconobacter
30
what is converted into what in vinegar
ethanol -> acetic acid
31
what is needed to convert ethanol -> acetic acid
by adding acetobacter or gluconobacter
32
Beer
barley or other carbohydrates
33
Wine
grapes
34
Sake
rice
35
Rum
sugar cane
36
Vodka
potatoes
37
Tequile
agave
38
Single cell protein (SCP)
- microbes high in protein - supplement diet with microbes - used in livestock fodder food -Torula sp. (yeast) used
39
Glutamic acid
- food condiment - MSG = food allergies - soy/seasonings have this 1,000,000 tons/year
40
Micrococcus and Corynebacterium glutamicum make what?
Glutamic acid
41
Lysine
- 250,000 tons/year -fortifies bread - made with corynebacterium glutamicum
42
Citric acid
- 1.6 mill tons/year - aspergillus niger
43
Aspergillus niger converts what in citric acid?
Coverts molasses -> citric acid
44
Proteases (enzyme)
- break down proteins - used in detergents/ meat tenderizers, leather production
45
Aspergillus sp. and Bacillus sp. are found in what enzyme?
proteases
46
Amylase (enzyme)
- break down starches - aspergillus sp./ Bacillus sp.
47
Lactase (enzyme)
- breaks down lactose - yeast
48
Vitamin B12
produced by pseudomonas sp. and propionibacteria sp.
49
Riboflavin ( B2)
- produced by fermentation ( Ashbya gossypii - type of yeast)
50
Vitamin C
produced by acetobacter sp.
51
Steroids
-cortisone = anti- inflammatory - estrogen/progesterone = oral contraceptives - microbes can synthesize steroids from sterols
52
Antibiotic production ( fungal sources)
- penicillium ( penicillin / griseofulvin) - cephalosporium (celphalothin)
53
Antibiotic production (bacterial sources)
- Bacillus sp. (bacitracin/polymyxin) - Streptomyces ( streptomycin)
54
Rhizobium sp. (agricultural use)
- nitrogen fixation - symbiotic relation with legumes -Converts nitrogen -> nitrate -found in soil
55
Bacillus thuringiensis (agricultural use)
- microbe that eats mosquito larvae /gypsy moths - used in municipal control programs/ home owners - gets ride of insects that destroy crops/ destroys weeds
56
Biomass (alternative energy)
organic matter produce by living organisms (trees, crops waste)
57
Bioconversion (alternative energy)
using microbes to covert biomass-> energy
58
Biofuels
- ethanol from agricultral crops -methane from landfills -> electricity
59
Recombinant DNA
artifical manipulation of genes within a species/ between different species
60
Restriction enzymes
enzymes that cut DNA into pieces that are easy to recombine (in-vitro)
61
Vector
transports foreign DNA into a cell / plasmid or virus that inserts genes -> a cell
62
Clone
genetically identical cells
63
what microbe is used in Medical therapy (human insulin)
E.coli
64
Human growth hormone
somatotropin
65
Hep B vaccine
yeasts carry viral genes
66
Gene therapy
- replace defective gene / mutated gene
67
Cystic fibrosis
inhalation of harmless cold virus that carries the healthy gene a person lacks
68
Agammaglobulinemia
inability to produce antibodies - addition of genetically engineered virus to bone marrow
69
Bovine growth hormone (BGH)
- given to cows to make more milk -e.coli carries the gene
70
CRISPR
- enzymes from archaea/bacteria - enzymes that can remove mutated DNA

microbiology (15 decks)

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