Unit 3 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Protozoa
A
-unicellular eukarytotic
- Domain = eukarya
Kingdom = protista
- define nucleus / many organelles
- inhabit water/soil
-feeds on bacteria / small nutrients
2
Q
What is the vegetative stage of Protozoas
A
trophozoites
3
Q
Reproduction of protozoa
A
-reproduce through schizogony ( asexual reproduction
-some reproduce sexually
4
Q
Encystment of protozoa
A
- under adverse conditions some will produce cysts
5
Q
Purpose of cysts
A
-Cysts wrap around the cell membrane of protozoa
-cysts allow protozoa to live outiside of host in hopes of being picked up another host
-protozoas with cysts can live without water/ oxygen
-can live outside for long period of time
6
Q
Nutrition for protozoa
A
-aerobic (need oxygen)
- chemoautotrophs
- require water
7
Q
How are protozoa classifed
A
by DNA or by method of movement
8
Q
Sarcodina
A
-use pseudopods for movment/ engulfing food
-examples = amoebas
9
Q
Mastigophora
A
- example = euglena/ sperm cells
-move by flagellates (flagellum)
10
Q
Euglena
A
protozoa that are mastigophoras and move by flagellas
11
Q
Cilialata
A
move by cilia
12
Q
Amoebas
A
move by pseudopods
13
Q
Paramecium sp.
A
microbe that moves by cilia
14
Q
Apicomplexa or Sporozoa
A
-no independent movement
- lack cilia, pseudopods, flagella
-rely on host to move
they are OIP (obligate intracellular parasites)
- produce enzymes that invade host’s cells
- can move from host -> host
15
Q
Plasmodium sp. is an example of what
A
apicomplexa or sporozoa
16
Q
Arthropod vectors
A
- have joined legs
-segmented bodies - hard exoskeleton
-largest phylum in animal kingdom
17
Q
what is a vector
A
capable of carrying microbes (arthropod)
18
Q
Mechanical vector
A
caries microbes on outside of arthropod / can carry diseases outside of body
example = house fly
19
Q
Biological vector
A
microbe multiplies within arthropod
example =mosquito/ malaria
20
Q
Direct diagnosis for protoza
A
- stool sample
- O & P (ovum / parasite
21
Q
Indirect diagnosis for protozoa
A
-Serology test (antibody test)
- Eosinophilia / increase in IgE levels (antibody levels)
22
Q
Increase in wbc’s indicates what
A
person infected with microbe
23
Q
Purpose of anti-protozoa antibiotics
A
-inhibit DNA synthesis/ damages DNA
24
Q
Entamoeba histolytica and naegleria sp.
A
2 microbes that are sarcodina- amoebas
25
Amoebic dysentery
-caused by entamoeba histolytica
-affects GI tract
- only pathogenic in humans
-primary foods = rbc's / intestinal tract tissue
-causes loose stool/ diarrhea
- stomach acid does not destroy cysts
26
What causes transmission for amoebic dysentery
house flys that pick microbes from fecal matter
27
Why can entamoeba histolytica live outside of host
due to cysts
28
what is entamoeba histolytica not resitant to
chlorine
29
What does dysenteric mean
loose stool / diarrhea
30
what is the life cycle for entamoeba histolytica
trophozoite / cysts stages
31
Mode of infection for amoebic dysentery
- contaminated water
- human contact/ food contact
- mechanical vectors
- vegetables fertilized with human manure
32
Lab diagnosis for amoebic dysentery
stool sample / serology test
33
Metronidiazole / Iodoquinol
treatment for amoebic dysentery
34
Naegleria microencephalitis
- found in fresh water ponds/ streams
-brain eating diseases that affects meninges and causes cephalitis
-worldwide (few in US)
-100% fatal
35
Mode of infection for Naegleria microencephalitis
Nasal passages
36
Naegleria sp.
microbe that causes Naegleria microencephalitis
37
Giardiasis , trichomoniasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis
diseases caused by mastiophora protoza
38
Giardiasis
- found in GI tract/ fecal matter of grassland mammals
- attacks intestinal walls of GI tract
-affects food absorption
- life cycle stages = cysts/ trophozoite
- has no mitochondria
- stomach acids do not destroy cysts
-waterbourne diarrhea epidemic
-causes prolonged diarrhea
39
Giardia lamblia
microbe that causes giardiasis
40
is Giardia lamblia resistant to chlorine
true
41
How can Giardiasis be prevented
boiling / filtering water
42
Mode of infection for Giardiasis
-contaminated water / food
- hand to hand
-fecal / oral
43
lab diagnosis for Giardiasis
stool sample / O& P ( need 3 samples)
44
why are 3 samples of O &P needed for Giardiasis
because protozoa do not suddenly reproduce
false positive could occur
45
Treatment for Giardiasis
metronidiazole
46
Trichmoniasis
- causes urinary infection / genital tract infection
- no cysts
- if vaginal pH increases, protoza may grow
-only STI caused by protozoa
-anaerobic (no oxygen needed)
47
Mode of infection for Trichmoniasis
STI
48
What is the normal flora for Trichmoniasis
male / female urethra
49
Treatment for Trichmoniasis
metronidiazole
50
Lab diagnostic for Trichmoniasis
microscopic exame for females
urine sample for men
51
Trichomonas vaginalis
microbe that causes Trichmoniasis
52
Trypanosomiasis
- found within blood (hemoflagellates)
- biological arthropod vectors
53
African Trypanosomiasis
-causes disease in CNS
-coma / death if not treated
- host = humans/ domestic / wild animals
54
mode of infection for African Trypanosomiasis
Bite of infected tsetse fly
55
Trypanosoma Bruci
microbe that causes African Trypanosomiasis
56
suramin and pentamidine / try to control insect population
treatment for African Trypanosomiasis
57
American trypanosomiasis (chagas disease)
-endemic to central america / parts of south america
- host = humans / animals/ armadillos/ possums
- attacks cardiovascular (heart)
58
vector for American trypanosomiasis
Reduviid bug or kissing bug
59
mode of infection for American trypanosomiasis
bite/ ingestion of infected Reduviid bug or kissing bug
60
Nufurtinmox (used to reduce number of microbes in acute phase)
Treatment for American trypanosomiasis
61
Leishmaniasis
- transmitted by bite of infected sandfly
- host = small mammals
- opportunistic infection associated with HIV
- found in tropical areas around Mediterranean
61
Leishmania sp.
microbe that causes Leishmaniasis
61
treatment for Balantidiasis
metronidiazole or tetracyline
62
Balantidiasis (ciliata disease)
- only pathogenic cillilated protzoa
- causes sever dysentery
- mode of infection = fecal/ oral
63
Malaria , toxoplasmosis , pneumocystosis , cryptosporidiasis
diseases caused by apicomplexa or sporozoa
64
Malaria
- leading global health issue
- greatest mortality/ morbidity
- onset is sudden
-endemic to tropical asia/ african/ latin america
65
Mode of entry for malaria
bite of infected mosquito/ IV drug use / blood transfusions
66
Vector for malaria
female mosquitos
67
Symptoms of malaria
-anemia
- effects liver cells (causes excessive trophozoites
-jaundice
-small vessels clogged
- liver/spleen enlargement
- rupture of spleen / renal failure
68
Lab diagnosis for malaria
- blood smear to look for ring (trophozoite)
69
quinine or its derivatives
Treatment for malaria
70
Plasmodium sp.
microbe that causes malaria
71
toxoplasmosis
- dangerous to pregnant females
- can result in still birth / brain issue for babies
- disease of blood/ lymp system
-opportunistic microbe
72
mode of entry for toxoplasmosis
-inhalation / oral
- domestic cat feces
-undercooked meat containing cyst form
73
Lab diagnosis for toxoplasmosis
serology test
74
Treatment for toxoplasmosis
-none for pregnant woman
- pyrimethamine with sulfur for non pregnant woman
75
Pneumocytosis (PCP)
- characteristic of both fungi/ protozoa
-usually found in lungs
- causes pneuomonia
-AID's related pneuomonia
76
mode of entry for Pneumocytosis
inhalation / activation of cysts in lungs
77
Lab diagnosis for Pneumocytosis
microscopic exam of lung aspirate / sputum sample (cough from lungs test
78
pentamidine or trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (fatal if untreated)
treatment for Pneumocytosis
79
Cryptosporidiasis
- found in drinking water
- resistant to chlorine
- causes diarrhead in immunosuppresant people
80
Characteristics of helminths
- multicellular eukaryotes
- kingdom = animalia
- no digestive or nervous system
-complex reproductive system
-relies on host
81
Transmissions of helminths
- ingestion
-skin penetration
-biological arthropod vectors
82
Reproduction of helminths
Dioecious and Hermaphroditic (monoecious)
83
Dioecious
separate male and female reproductive organs
84
Hermatophroditic
both male/female reproductive organs within one worm
85
Lab diagnosis for helminths
stool / O & P for direct tests/ indirect tests
86
Purpose of anti-helminthic antibiotics
prevents ATP synthesis /paralyszes worms
87
Platyhelminths (flatworms)
Trematodes (flukes) / cestodes (tapeworms)
88
what are the 3 types of helminths
nematodes/ trematodes / cestodes
89
General information about trematodes (flukes )
- flat
-lead shaped bodies with oral sucker
-live in various tissue
90
General info about cestodes (tapeworms)
-intestinal parasites with segments (proglottids)
- lack digestive system
-do not ingest tissue of host
91
Nematodes (round worms)
-cylindrical shape
- tapered at each end
-dioecious
- complete digestive system
92
Schistosomiasis is an example of what time of flatworm
trematode (fluke)
93
Schistosomiasis
-snails serve as medium for worms to complete reproduction
- mode of entry = skin penetration
- life cycle = snail as intermediate host
- 2nd to malaria in number of people died/ disabled from it
-found in fresh water/ human fecal matter
94
Schistosoma sp.
microbe that causes Schistosomiasis
95
Schistosomiasis disease symptoms
tissue damage
ulcer formation in response to infestation
liver/lung/bladder damage
96
lab diagnosis for Schistosomiasis
stool or urine / O & P
97
prevenation / control for Schistosomiasis
eliminate snail host
avoid dirty water
improved sanitation
98
What does pink urine indicate
schistosoma is present
99
Taenia saginata , Taenia solium , Echinococcus granulosis are what type of flatworms
cestodes (tapeworms)
100
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
- worldwide (common in US)
- adult worm can live in human intestine for 25 years / reach 18 ft long
-mode of entry = ingestion of uncooked beef / hand -> hand / ingestion of uncooked eggs
101
Symptoms of Taenia saginata
-seldom causes symtpoms
- can cause abdominal / pyschological distress
102
lab diagnosis for Taenia saginata
stool sample O/P
103
Niclosamide (deworming medication)
treatment for Taenia saginata
104
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
- worldwide / non existent in hogs raised in US
- mode of entry = ingestion of uncooked pork / hand -> hand
- lifecycle / diagnosis / treatment / symptoms same as beef tapeworm
105
Echinococcus granulosus (sheep tapeworm)
- most dangerous
-found in middle east
- mode of entry = ingestion of undercooked mutton / contaminated hands from dog poop
106
What is the life cycle for Echinococcus granulosus
humans = intermediate host
dogs/wolves/ sheep = definitive host
107
disease symptoms for Echinococcus granulosus
- hydatid cyst in liver /lungs /brain
- if cyst reputures can cause anaphhylactic shock
108
treatment for Echinococcus granulosus
surgical removal of cyst
mebendazole
109
Dog/cat tapeworm
- fleas = intermediate host
110
Fish tapeworm
-mode of entry = ingestion of raw fish
111
Pinworm, hookworm, ascaris lumbriocoides, trichinella spiralis , wucheria bancrofti are what type of flatworms
nematodes (round worms)
112
Pinworm (enterobius vermicularis)
- most prevalent worm infection in US / worldwide
- need both male/ female reproductive organs
- found in large intestine
- symptoms = itchy anus , trouble sleeping , restlessness
113
mode of entry for pinworms
- ingestion of eggs
-contaminated clothes/ sharing clothes
- bedsheets
114
Treatment for pinworms
mebendazole
115
lab diagnosis for pinworms
scotch tape method
116
Hook worm ( necator americanus )
- worldwide / in US
- warm / moist climates
- mode of entry = skin penetration
-life cycle = eggs in poop / larvae hatc in soil
- feeds on blood/ tissues
-attaches to small intestines
117
symptoms of hookworm
- anemia
- diarrhea
-weight loss
- itching /rash
118
treatment for hookworm
mebendazole
119
lab diagnosis for hookworm
stool O/P
120
Mode of entry for hookworm
skin penetration
121
Elephantiasis (wucheria bancrofti)
- Africa / asia / india / pacific islands
- mode of entry = bite of infected mosquito
122
diseases caused by Elephantiasis
-disrupts lymp system
- proliferation of scar tissue in lower extremities / external genetalia /
- permanent disabilities / disfigurement
123
Lab diagnosis for Elephantiasis
blood smear at night
124
Diethylacarbamazine / Ivermectin
treatment for Elephantiasis
