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microbiology > unit 14 > Flashcards

unit 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Kidneys , ureters, bladders are…

A

sterile

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2
Q

Streptococcus , Bacteroides , Neisseria sp. are microbes found in where

A

urethra

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3
Q

Yeast, lactobacillus , Group B strep, are microbes found where

A

vagina

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4
Q

Why are women more likely to develop UTI’s?

A

shorter urethra than males (closer to fecal-oral matter)

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5
Q

Are most nosocomial infections uti’s

A

true

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6
Q

Bacterial infections of the urinary system

A

cystitis
pyelonephritis
Leptospirosis
Glomerulonephritis

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7
Q

Cystitis

A

-inflammation of the bladder
- symptoms = dysuria/pyuria
- E.coli , Proteus , Staph, pseudomonas

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8
Q

Treatment for cystitis

A

Nitrofurontoin/sulfur drugs

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9
Q

Pyelonephritis

A
  • inflammation of the kidneys
  • symptoms = dysuria , pyuria, fever, backpain
  • can lead to permanent kidney damage
  • generally results in bacteremia
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10
Q

Treatment for pyelonephritis

A

broad spectrum antibiotics

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11
Q

Leptospirosis

A
  • Leptospira sp.
  • diseases of humans/ dogs/rate urine
  • immunnisze dogs
  • mode of transmission = ingestion of urine/ contaminated water
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12
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A
  • inflammation of the glomeruli
  • type III immune complex disease
  • sequelae infection from S. pyogenes
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13
Q

STD

A
  • disease of the reproductive systems transmitted by sexual activity
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14
Q

STI

A
  • term std has been replaced with sti
  • disease has signs/symptoms while sti’s do have any apparent signs/symptoms
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15
Q

Bacterial diseases of reproductive system

A

gonorrhea
Nongonoccal urethritis (NGU)
Syphillis
Gardnerella vaginitis
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Chancroid

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16
Q

Gonorrhea (GC)

A
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • gram - cocci
    -attached to mucosal wall of epithelial tissue
  • no symptoms in females/ painful urination, yellow pus discharge from urethra in males
    -no immunity developed
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17
Q

complications of gonnorrhea in males

A

-blocked urethra
-testes infected resulting in sterility

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18
Q

complications of gonnorrhea in females

A
  • scarring of fallopian tubes
    -sterility
    -ectopic pregnancy
  • systemic infections
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19
Q

Treatment for gonnorrhea

A

cephalosporins

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20
Q

Nongonnococcal urethritis (NGU)

A
  • usually due to chlamydia trachomatis
  • most common reportable STI in the US
  • same complications as gc
    -co infection with gonnorrhea
    -transferred to newborn’s eyes
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21
Q

Diagnosis for NGU

A

NAAT- nucleic acid amplification tests

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22
Q

Treatment for NGU

A

doxycycline/ tetracycline

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23
Q

Syphillis (treponema pallidum)

A
  • relies on host / spirochete not cultured in lab
  • transmission = sexual contact/breaks through skin
  • penetrates mucous membranes
    -immunity developed unlike GC
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24
Q

Primary stage of syphillis

A

-infectious
-chancres (small painless, hard) can be non visible
- found on cervix, urethra or external genitalia
- spirochetes -> blood

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25
Secondary stage of syphillis
- highly infectious sexually - skin/mucous membrane rash due to inflammatory complexes that lodge at different body sites - spirochetes in rash -possible transferred non sexually via breaks in skin
26
Latent stage of syphilis
- no symptoms - goes away with/without treatment - majority cases do not progress beyond latency stage
27
Tertiary stage of syphilis
- non infectious - starts many 10-20 years after acquired - gummas in organs/ external skin - damages heart, blood vessels, CNS
28
Congenital syphilis
- transmission = across placenta -> unborn fetus - occurs when pregnancy happens during latent stage -still births occur during 1st/2nd stage
29
diagnosis for stages of syphilis
- 1st = microscopic with darkfield scope / test chancre -2nd and latent stage = serological testing -3rd = test csf
30
Treatment for syphilis
penicilin / tetracycline
31
Gardnerella vaginitis
- bacterial vaginalis - may/may not be sexually transmitted - decreased # of lactobacillus -vaginal pH increases - overgrowth of gardnerella
32
Gardnerella in males
may harbor in urethra with no symptoms
33
Gardnerella in females
- vaginitis = frothy/ gray discharge -increase in vaginal pH (5) - clue cells
34
Treatment for Gardnerella
flaggyl
35
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
- transmission = sti -microbe is invasive/infects lymphoid tissue - chlamydia trachomatis sub species - tropical/subtropical regions in world - treatment = tetracycline and doxycycline
36
Chancroid (haemophilis ducreyi)
- soft chancre - tropical regions - difficult to diagnose - lymph nodes may be infected - treatment = cephalosporin
37
what is chancres
soft, painful found on mucous membranes in mouth/ genetalia
38
Genital herpes (HSV-2)
-oral -genital contact -no cure- antiviral drugs - Herpes legions -transmission = with lesions present , without lesions/symptoms present = semen
39
Genital herpes in women
vessicles on external genetalia seldom within vagina/cervix
40
Neonatal herpes
- initial infection during pregnancy - abortion/ fetal damage - possible c section
41
Genital warts (HPV human papillomavirus
- most common sti worldwide -HPV 6 / 11 =warts -HPV 16/18 = cervical cancer - oral, anal, and penile cancer caused by HPV
42
Vaccine for genital warts
gardasil - for men/women
43
Treatment for genital warts
- imquimod (aldara) -stimulates body to produce interferon -not a cure
44
Candidiasis ( fungal disease)
- vulvovagnitis - yeast (candida albicans) - diagnosis = microscopic exam of discharge - males = asymptomatic -females = lesions , vaginalis, thick white cheese like discharge
45
treament for candidasis
miconazole or nystatin
46
Trichomoniasis: trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan disease)
- co infection with gc - cause protozoa to overgrow wjem vaginal pH increases - usually sexually transmitted - relatively benign - normal flora of vagina / male urethra - males = asymptomatic -females = profuse yellow-green discharge with odor
47
diagnosis for trichomoniasis
microscopic exam of discharge / urine for males
48
Treatment for trichomoniasis
metronizole (flagyl) for both partners
49
Transmission for Hep A/E
oral/anal contact
50
transmission for hep B/C/D
exchange of blood sexually transmitted
51
Lice: pediculosis
- transmission = close fomite contact clings to body hair - cant hop or fly - requires blood from host -diagnosis = lice or nits
52
Treatment for pediculosis
-OTC treatment = rid or nix - prescription = Kwell (lindane) - Topical / Ivermectin - oral - comb out nits
53
Pediculus humanus capitis
head lice
54
Pediculus humanus corporis
body louse
55
Scabies/mites
- sarcoptes scabiei -burrows under skin -transmission = fomites / household contact / fomite contact
56
Diagnosis for scabies
burrows (visible) or microscopic exam of skin
57
Treatment for scabies
prescribed topical medications
58
HIV (human immunodeficent virus)
- enveloped RNA reverse transcriptase virus - Gp 120 spikes: attaches to cd4 receptors - T helper cells, macrophages , microglial cells - DNA -> host chromosome and become provirus (remain latent)
59
AIDs
- evades immune defenses -rapid antigenic changes -high mutation rate - hard to develop vaccine against -infected cells can fuse to unifected cells to avoid circulating Ab's = cell- cell fusion
60
3 phases of AIDS
- all infectious - phase 1 / phase 2 / phase 3
61
Phase 1 of AIDS
- cd4 t cell count are normal - asymptomatic or lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) - 800 -> 1000 cells/ul
62
Phase 2 of AIDS
-Cd4 t cells begin to decrease - decline in immune response - opportunistic infections = thrush , shingles, diarrhea
63
Phase 3 of AIDS
-Cd4 t cell count is below 200 cells/ul - clinical aids - completely diminished immune system (common cold will kill you) - oppotunistic infection = PCP, CMV, TB , Toxoplasmosis , systemic yeast infections , Kaposi's sarcoma
64
Modes of transmission for aids
-sexual transmission (anal receptive intercourse most dangerous) - breast milk - blood contaminated needles -organ transplants
65
aid is not transmitted by
- non blood containing urine , feces, saliva , sweat - donating blood - hugging/kissing / normal daily contact -insect bites -fomites (no blood tho)
66
Diagnosis for aids
- HIV antibody tests - rapid Ab tests -Plasma viral load -screening tests -testing blood supply
67
Plasma viral load (PVL)
- used to monitor treatment/progression of aids - measures viral rna - expensive

microbiology (15 decks)

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