unit 9

Question 1

Innate body defenses (first line of defenses)

Answer 1

Non aggresive-
Intact skin
mucous membrnaes
Normal flora
GI tract
Blood brain barrier
Oyxgen tensions
Iron levels
Defecation/vomitting
Fever

aggressive-
Lysozyme
Sebum
Cydal agents

Question 2

Intact skin

Answer 2

physical/chemical barrier

Question 3

Mucous membranes

Answer 3

hair
saliva
ciliated cells
tears
mucous

Question 4

Normal flora

Answer 4

Barrier/bacteriocin production

Question 5

GI tract

Answer 5

Stomach (low pH)
Digestive juice /biles

Question 6

Blood brain barrier

Answer 6

ependymal cells/ astrocytes
microglial cells (phagocytes) in the region

Question 7

Oxygen tensions

Answer 7

aerobic (lungs
anaerobic (intestines)

Question 8

Iron levels (microbes requiring iron)

Answer 8

• during infection -> hypoferremia decreases low iron levels
  -hypoferremia/low iron levels inhibits growth

Question 9

Defecation / vomitting (ridding microbes)

Answer 9

body defense mechanism

Question 10

Fever

Answer 10

release of pyrogens

Question 11

Benefits of low grade fever

Answer 11

-increase immune mechanism
-increase in phagocytes
-increase in interferons
- inhibits growth of certain microbes

Question 12

Lysozyme

Answer 12

• gram + bacteria manly
  -capsules resist it
  -found in tears, saliva, perspiration, granules of neutrophils

Question 13

Sebum

Answer 13

-fatty acids toxic to gram -‘s
-protective film around skin

Question 14

Complements (cydal agents)

Answer 14

-complement: gram -‘s / viruses
- serum protein
- exists in inactive state
- once activated, attaches to microbe / kills it

Question 15

What activates complements?

Answer 15

presence of fever
viral infection
presence of bacterial antigen

Question 16

Interferon (cydal agents)

Answer 16

-anti viral protein
- all cells produce small amounts of interferons
- protects uninfected cells from being infected by virus
- given in large doses for various therapeutic reasons (HIV/HIB)

Question 17

Leukins (cydal agent)

Answer 17

produced by wbc’s (leukocytes)

Question 18

Plakins (cydal agent)

Answer 18

platlets

Question 19

Lactoferrin (cydal agent)

Answer 19

breast milk, tears, neurophils

Question 20

Transferrin (cydal agent)

Answer 20

serum protein
regulates absorption , transportation , metabolism of iron

Question 21

2nd line of defense

Answer 21

phagocytosis (phagocytic defenses)

Question 22

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 22

cells capable of ingesting microbes/ debris / foreign matter

Question 23

What cells are phagocytic?

Answer 23

WBC’s and their derivatives

Question 24

5 steps of phagocytosis

Answer 24

1- chemotaxis
2-adherance = opsonization (opsonin proteins
3-ingestion
4- digestion
5- release or discharge

Question 25

What is the purpose of opsonnin protein?

Answer 25

allows phagocytic cell to bind to cell

Question 26

M. leprae and M.Tubercolosis are not effected by what?

Answer 26

phagocytosis

Question 27

Types of phagocytic cells (wandering or free phagocytes)

Answer 27

Granulocytes ( neutrophils , Eosinophils , Basophils) Agranulocytes ( monocytes , lymphocytes)

Question 28

Neutrophils

Answer 28

- 60 -> 70% of total WBC - very phagocytic - scavenger cells -Granules = lysozyme /lactoferrin -Leukocytosis = acute infections/ neutrophilia

Question 29

Eosinophils

Answer 29

- 2 -> 4% of total wbc - some phagotcytic activity - role in allergies - granules = histamines - eosinophilia = allergies / parasistic infections

Question 30

Histamine purpose

Answer 30

widens blood vessels

Question 31

Basophils

Answer 31

- 0.5 -> 1% WBC's - some phagocytic activity - important role in graft rejection / viral immunity - granules = heparin , serotonin , histamine - least abundant phagocytic cell

Question 32

Monocytes

Answer 32

- 3 -> 8 % of wbc - not phagocytic in blood - macrophage when -> tissue - Monocytosis = certain bacterial infections (TB , Rickettsial infections) , protoza and fungal infections -no granules

Question 33

Fixed phagocytes or Histiocytes

Answer 33

alveolar macrophages (lungs) kupffer cells (liver) lymphocytic macrophages (lymph nodes) microglial cells (brain / CNS) osteoclasts (bones)

Question 34

what is inflammatory response

Answer 34

sum of reactions in the body incited by injury

Question 35

Vasodilation

Answer 35

- increase in diameter of blood vessels - increase vascular pearmability -inc blood flow from capillaries -> damage tissue, edemea

Question 36

Types of vasodilation

Answer 36

- histamines - bradykin -kinin

Question 37

Hemostatic plug

Answer 37

fibrin clot (wall-off)

Question 38

Pus formation

Answer 38

dead cells/ body fluids

Question 39

Chemotaxis

Answer 39

phagocytes move -> injured area

Question 40

Margination

Answer 40

wbc cling to lining of blood vessels

Question 41

Diapedesis

Answer 41

phagocytes move from blood -> tissue fever starts the process takes only 2 minutes

Question 42

Neutrophil duration

Answer 42

- lots arrive within hrs

Question 43

Monocyte

Answer 43

- arrive in 12 hrs - enters tissue/ become macrophages

Question 44

Eosinophils / basophils appear

Answer 44

- provides vasodilators

Question 45

Tissue repair

Answer 45

Fibrinolysis / Fibrinoblasts

Question 46

Fibrinolysis

Answer 46

plasminogen -> plasmin which breaks down fibrin clot

Question 47

Fibroblasts

Answer 47

formation of scar tissue