Unit 2

Question 1

Is yeast multi or unicellular?

Answer 1

unicellular

Question 2

Is mold multi or unicellular?

Answer 2

multicellular

Question 3

Fungi characteristics

Answer 3

• Chemoheterotrophs (source of carbon/energy = organic compounds)
  -Aerobic (require oxygen)
  -Similar to algae (no chlorophyll)
  -Absorbs food

Question 4

Benefits of fungi

Answer 4

• Alcohol production
  -Cheese/bread production
  -Truffles
  -Penicillin (antibioitic)
  -Decomposers of plant matter

Question 5

Trichoderma

Answer 5

produces cellulase which break down proteins on skin of fruits

Question 6

Undesirables of fungi

Answer 6

-Food spoilage
-leading cause of diseases in plants
-Damage to buildings (dry rot)
-Diseases to animals/humans

Question 7

Bacteria

Answer 7

-Unicellular
-domain = bacteria
-Reproduce through binary fission
-smaller in size than fungi
-Has no sterols (steroid)
-Cell wall = Peptidoglycan
-Can grow rapidly

Question 8

Fungi

Answer 8

-Multi/uni cellular
-Domain = Eukarya
- Reproduce through budding/spores
- larger than bacteria
-Cell wall = Mannan , Chitin , Glucan
- Contains sterols (steroids)

Question 9

Optimal growth for fungi

Answer 9

-Warm/moist/wet areas
-Grow slower than bacteria
-Prefer more acidity (pH 5)
- Grows in high sugar/salt
-Susceptible to heat
-Can metabolize complex carbs

Question 10

Yeasts

Answer 10

• Are dimorphic (heat dependent)
  -Non-filamentous, oval and unicellular
  -Reproduce through budding
  -Pesudohyphae ( allows yeasts to integrate into tissue)

Question 11

Structures of molds

Answer 11

Vegetative structures (obtain nutrients)

Question 12

Thallus (structure of mold)

Answer 12

Body of mold is made of filaments

Question 13

Hyphae (structure of mold)

Answer 13

-filaments = multicellular
- Can be elongated at the tips (can be long)

Question 14

Septum (structure of mold)

Answer 14

Has cross-walls

Question 15

Coenocytic hyphase (structure of mold)

Answer 15

has no cross walls

Question 16

Mycelium (structure of mold)

Answer 16

Filament visible to the eye

Question 17

How do molds reproduce

Answer 17

spores

Question 18

What are the 2 reproductions for mold

Answer 18

Asexual and sexual

Question 19

What are the 2 types of asexual reproduction

Answer 19

Conidiospore and Sporangiospore

Question 20

Aspergillus and penicillium are 2 examples of what?

Answer 20

Asexual spores

Question 21

Asexual reproduction of molds

Answer 21

• go through mitosis (identical to parents)
• formed by hyphae of an organism
  -more frequent than sexual mold

Question 22

How are molds differentiated from each other

Answer 22

By their spores because they all have the same vegetative structure

Question 23

Conidiospore

Answer 23

• have no sacs

Question 24

Sporangiospore

Answer 24

• has sporangium (sac)

Question 25

What is Rhizopus sp. an example of

Answer 25

sporangiospore

Question 26

Sexual reproduction of molds

Answer 26

- Go through meiosis (genetic material from both parents) -Occurs less often than asexual molds

Question 27

The different types of sexual molds

Answer 27

Zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores

Question 28

toxin

Answer 28

poisons (mycotoxins) or toxin produced by some fungi

Question 29

Aflatoxin

Answer 29

- found on peanuts/corn crops -dangerous to humans/animals -carcinogenic/ liver damage

Question 30

Aspergillus produces what

Answer 30

aflatoxin

Question 31

Ergot poisoning

Answer 31

- found on grain crops (wheat crops) - restricts blood flow - causes hallucinogenic symptoms similar to LSD

Question 32

Claviceps Purpurea is causes what

Answer 32

ergot poisoning

Question 33

Mycoses (fungal disease)

Answer 33

-chronic due to slow growth of fungi

Question 34

What are the 5 groups based on tissue involvement for fungal disease

Answer 34

-Superficial -cutaneous -subcutaneous -systemic -opportunistic

Question 35

Piedra

Answer 35

- occurs at hair shafts (superficial epithelial cells) - tropical climates

Question 36

What treatment is used for Piedra

Answer 36

- Shave/ cut hair - Miconazole (topical anti-fungal)

Question 37

What does the antibiotic miconazole do

Answer 37

disrupts steroid synthesis

Question 38

Cutaneous mycoses

Answer 38

-involves the epidermis -affects the skin, nails, hair

Question 39

Tinea or ringworm infection (cutaneous)

Answer 39

- is a dermatophyte (breaks down keratin) - causes dry, scaly, itchy, red periphery - transmission = direct contact/ formites

Question 40

Trichopyton, Microsporum, epidermophyton are examples of what

Answer 40

microbes that cause tinea (ringworm)

Question 41

Tinea capitis is what

Answer 41

ringworm of the skin/scalp

Question 42

Tinea unguium is what

Answer 42

ringworm of nails

Question 43

Tinea cruris (jock itch) is what

Answer 43

ringworm of groin

Question 44

Tinea pedis (athletes foot) is what

Answer 44

ringworm of feet

Question 45

Treatment for tinea

Answer 45

- Miconazole - clotrimazole - griseofulvin (oral) - all disrupt steroid synthesis

Question 46

Subcutaneous mycoses

Answer 46

- under the skin (dermis/hypodermis) - caused by saphrocytes (microbes that live under soil/vegetation) - mode of entry = open skin wound

Question 47

Sporotrichosis

Answer 47

- most common mycoses in US - dimorphic fungi found in plant matter - farmers/landscaping workers at risk

Question 48

Sporothrix sp.

Answer 48

micorbe that causes sporotrichosis

Question 49

Treatment for sporotrichosis

Answer 49

10 % Iodine

Question 50

Systemic myocoses

Answer 50

-not transmissible - affects tissues/organs - usually affects respiratory tract -resembles tubercolosis

Question 51

Mode of entry for systemic mycoses

Answer 51

inhalation

Question 52

Treatment for systemic mycoses

Answer 52

amphotericin or fluconazole

Question 53

Histoplasmosis

Answer 53

- dimorphic fungi - affects rt - airbourne

Question 54

Histoplasma capsulatum

Answer 54

microbe that causes histoplasmosis

Question 55

Blastomycosis

Answer 55

- dimorphic fungi - in US - affects RT

Question 56

Blastomyces dermatidis

Answer 56

microbe that causes Blastomycosis

Question 57

Coccidiodomycoses (san joaquin valley fever)

Answer 57

- spores found in dry alkaline soils of americas - endemic - subclincial (no symptoms)

Question 58

coccidiodes immitis

Answer 58

microbe that causes coccidiodomycoses

Question 59

Cryptococcosis

Answer 59

- dimorphic fungi - test by checking cerebral spinal fluid -caused by pidgeons feces -most common cause of fungal death in US -mostly found in urban areas

Question 60

Opportunistic mycoses

Answer 60

- takes advantage of host -harmless in most people -pathogenic in immunocompromised people -system infections can be opportunistic

Question 61

2 types of opportunistic mycoses

Answer 61

Aspergillosis / candidiasis or Moniliasis

Question 62

Aspergillosis

Answer 62

- found in soil/ decaying vegetation - mode of entry = inhalation -causes pulmonary infection -mycotoxin production -is a conidiospore -feeds on external ears

Question 63

Treatment for aspergillosis

Answer 63

amphotericin

Question 64

Aspergillus sp.

Answer 64

microbe that causes aspergillosis

Question 65

Candidiasis or Moniliasis

Answer 65

- most frequent cause of fungal death in cancer patients - affects normal flora - can cause vaginal yeast infection / sytsemic infections / thrush

Question 66

Candida albicans

Answer 66

microbe that causes candidiasis

Question 67

Treatment for opportunistic mycoses

Answer 67

miconazole / clotrimazole / fluconazole (oral) / mycostatin / nystatin