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microbiology > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Microbes

A

Algae
Helminths
Protozoa
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses

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2
Q

Fungi

A

Yeasts, Molds, Mushrooms

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3
Q

Viruses

A

a) Rely on host to survive
b) Non-living

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4
Q

Why are microbes not all harmful ???

A

a) part of microbiome
b) decomposers of organic matter
c) used for antibiotics/vaccines

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5
Q

Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)

A

Life comes from non living matter

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6
Q

Biogenesis

A

Life comes from living matter

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7
Q

Subdivisions of microbiology

A

a) bacteriology
b)Virology
c)Mycology
d)Parasitology
e)Helminthology
f)Immunology
g)Chemotherapy

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8
Q

Robert Hooke

A

a) Developed compound microscope
b) Observed cells (cork)
c) Developed idea that matter is inside living being

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9
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhook

A

a) observed bacteria from teeth scrapings

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10
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

a) disproved spontaneous generation
b) developed aseptic techniques
c) developed rabies vaccine
d) Fermentation
e) Pasteurization (mild heating to kill microbes)
f) Germ theory

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11
Q

Joseph Lister

A

a) performed surgery using aseptic techniques
b) cleaned instruments with phenol (carbolic acid)
c) proved microbes cause surgical wound infections

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12
Q

Robert Koch

A

a) Developed etiology of disease
b) found out that Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax
c) Koch’s postulates
d) rival to Pasteur

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13
Q

etiology of disease

A

the cause of a disease

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14
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

proved specific diseases are caused by specific microbes/ helped determine the etiology of disease

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15
Q

Edward jenner

A

a)created first vaccine using her samples to help treat people
b) vaccination against small pox

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16
Q

Elie Metchnikoff

A

a) Phagocytosis
b) Cellular theory of immunity

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17
Q

Hans Christian Gram

A

Developed gram stain

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18
Q

Richard Petri

A

created petri dishes

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19
Q

Dimitri Iwanowski

A

Discovered viruses through observation/studying tobacco plants (TMV)

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20
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

created “magic bullet” which was a treatment for syphillis

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21
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

created the antibiotic penicillin

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22
Q

Selman Waksman

A

discovered streptomycin

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23
Q

Rebecca Lancefield

A

grouped streptococus

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24
Q

Taxonomy

A

categorization of organisms

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25
Robbert Whittaker
created the 5 kingdom system
26
5 kingdom system
1) Monera (prokaryote) 2) Protista (eukaryote) 3) Fungi (eukaryote) 4)Plantae (eukaryote) 5)Animalia (eukaryote)
27
Eukaryote
a) consists of protozoa, fungi, animals, plants b)has defined nucleus with nuclear membrane c) DNA = double stranded linear helix d) Multi-cellular/ uni-cellular e) Some have cell walls f) many organelles g) goes through mitosis/meiosis
28
Prokaryotes
a) consists of bacteria only b) No nucleus or nuclear membrane c) Unicellular d) DNA= double stranded circular e) majority have cells walls which are made of peptidoglycan f) simple with few organelles g) goes through ONLY MITOSIS (binary fission)
29
Monera (part of 5 kingdom system)
-bacteria only - unicellular - not used anymore because it lies under 2 domains bacteria and archaea
30
Protista (part of kingdom)
- consists of protozoa and algae -mainly unicellular
31
Fungi ( part of kingdom)
- consists of molds, mushrooms, and yeast - uni-cellular and multi-cellular - absorbs organic matter from environment
32
Plantae (part of kingdom)
- consists of mosses, ferns, plants - multicellular -uses photosynthesis
33
Animalia (part of kingdom)
- consists of sponges, worms, insects, animals - Multicellular - ingest organic matter
34
The 3 domains
- developed by Carl R Woese - states that there are 2 domains for prokaryotes/ 1 domain for eukaryote
35
Why is there 2 types of prokaryotic cells?
- differences in rRNA and tRNA
36
Eukarya domain
includes all eukaryotic cells
37
Bacteria (true bacteria) domain
includes regular bacteria with peptidoglycan cell walls
38
Archaea domain
- includes bacteria with cell walls that dont have peptidoglycan - unusal metabolic processes - live in extreme environments
39
Endosymbiotic theory
eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living inside one another
40
What organelle in animal cell resemble bacteria
mitochondria
41
What organelle in plant cell resemble bacteria
chloroplasts
42
How are organisms classifed?
Binomial nomenclature; genus and species
43
types of microscopes
1) compound light 2)Darkfield 3)Fluorescent 4)phase contrast 5) electron (EM)
44
Dark field microscope
-examines live microbes that are hard to see with compound microscope -can not be stained - specimens appear light against a dark field
45
Fluorescent microscope
- stain with fluorescent dyes - uses UV light -detects microbes in tissue/clinical specimens
46
Phase-Contrast microscope
- examines internal structures of living organisms - no stains are used -used direct/diffracted light rays
47
Electron (EM) microscope
- beams of electrons used to view objects smaller than 0.2 um - used to see non-living/ stained/ viruses/ internal structures
48
Observing microbes in living state
using wet mount: motility / hanging drop
49
Observing microbes in non living state
uses stains which is a colored dye to emphasize certain features
50
Simple stain
-uses only crystal violet - observes shape, size and arrangement of cells
51
Gram stain
uses 4 reagents
52
Primary stain (gram stain)
crystal violet
53
Mordant (gram stain)
Iodine
54
Decolorizer (gram stain)
Ethanol (alcohol)
55
Counterstain (gram stain)
Safranin (red)
56
Gram positive bacteria
-appears blue/purple when gram stain is applied -has thick peptidoglycan cell wall
57
Gram negative bacteria
-appear pink/red -has thin peptidoglycan cell wall
58
Why do Gram + and Gram - bacteria change color when stained
color varies depending on thickness of peptidoglycan cell wall
59
Acid fast stain
- cell wall has wax and peptidoglycan - heat slide with carbofuchsin -decolorize - counterstain = methylene blue
60
Acid fast positive color
red
61
Acid fast negative color
Blue
62
examples of acid fast bacteria
1) mycobacterium sp 2) M. tuberculosis 3) M. Leprae
63
Differential stains
Gram stain/ acid fast stain
64
Special stains
1) capsule (glycocalyx) stain 2)endospore stain 3) Flagella stain
65
Flagella stain
- uses mordant and carbolfuchsin -builds up diameter of flagellum/ arrangment and # of flagellum
66
Capsule (glycocalyx) stain
-used to detect capsule in microbes -negative stain = india pink
67
Examples of capsule stain bacteria
pasteurella multocida
68
Endospore stain
-used to detect endospores -Heat slide= Malachite green / safranin
69
Examples of endospore stained bacteria
Clostridium/ Bacillus
70
what is the purpose of endospores
-allows organism to resist adverse enviromental conditions
71
what is the purpose of capsules
to resist host defenses such as phagocytosis and lysozyme

microbiology (15 decks)

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